A summary of the acute toxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds and mammals

Schafer, Edward W.; Brunton, Ronald B.; Cunningham, Donald J.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(73)90291-3

Cited by 58 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One study found that the onset of clinical signs is generally within 10-15 min after an oral exposure with death occurring 15 min to 4 h later at doses near the LD 50 [8]. On average, in this study, the onset of clinical signs was longer than what has been published previously.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…4-Aminopyridine is rapidly and completely absorbed orally but poorly absorbed dermally [8]. One study found that the onset of clinical signs is generally within 10-15 min after an oral exposure with death occurring 15 min to 4 h later at doses near the LD 50 [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When used per label directions, less than 4 % of birds in a flock are expected to be killed because treated corn is diluted with untreated corn and spread. Dogs have been shown to be particularly sensitive to 4-AP with an oral LD 50 of 11.9 mg of 4-aminopyridine per kilogram BW after ingesting grain treated with hydrochloric salt and 4 mg/kg when given orally in a capsule [8]. Because commercially available treated corn contained 0.5 % 4-aminopyridine, a 21-kg dog, for example, would need to ingest approximately 50 g of treated corn to reach the oral LD 50 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because commercially available treated corn contained 0.5 % 4-aminopyridine, a 21-kg dog, for example, would need to ingest approximately 50 g of treated corn to reach the oral LD 50 . Variable oral LD 50 s in other species have been reported as 20-32 mg/kg in rats and 17.8 mg/kg in pigs [8]. One study estimates the oral lethal dose in horse allowed to ingest treated corn to be between 2 and 3 mg of 4-aminopyridine per kilogram BW [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of 29 Incidents Involving 4-Aminopyridine in Non-target Species Reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center

McLean

Khan

2013

J. Med. Toxicol.

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4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is an avicide used in products that are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to control populations of various birds. Pharmaceutical 4-AP is also used in humans to treat neural and muscular dysfunctions associated with multiple sclerosis. Although strict restrictions for its use are in place, exposures to 4-AP bait by non-target species still occur. Twenty-nine exposures of 4-AP bait involving non-target species were identified and retrieved from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center medical record database. Canines were the most commonly exposed (86 %) species followed by felines (10 %). The highest frequency of exposures was reported from Colorado (22 %). Most commonly reported clinical signs in canines were tremors, hypersalivation, seizures, tachycardia, and ataxia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of 29 Incidents Involving 4-Aminopyridine in Non-target Species Reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center

McLean

Khan

2013

J. Med. Toxicol.

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“…When consumed, 4-AP causes birds to emit distress calls secondary to involuntary diaphragmatic contractions. When used properly, it is reported to only actually kill about 1 % of the animals [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4-Aminopyridine Toxicity: a Case Report and Review of the Literature

et al. 2012

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Human food flavor additives as bird repellents: I. Conjugated aromatic compounds

Clark

Aronov

1999

Pestic. Sci.

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Avian repellents derived from natural products and human food¯avorants may be less expensive to register under United States environmental pesticide registration requirements. However, one dif®culty faced by workers attempting to target repellents for development is the need to screen large numbers of compounds for activity, as well as consideration of formulation and environmental constraints. In this study, we compare the bird repellent activity of aldehyde-based human food additives and compare the levels of activity with our previously elucidated model for structure±activity relationships (SAR) for bird repellents. We ®nd that a previously elucidated SAR model for identifying acetophenone and anthranilate bird repellents is applicable to predicting the activity of aromatic aldehyde¯avorants as well. In particular, of the nine¯avorants tested, four, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, and o-anisaldehyde, warrant further consideration as bird repellents.

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A summary of the acute toxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds and mammals

Cited by 58 publications

References 11 publications

A Review of 29 Incidents Involving 4-Aminopyridine in Non-target Species Reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center

A Review of 29 Incidents Involving 4-Aminopyridine in Non-target Species Reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center

4-Aminopyridine Toxicity: a Case Report and Review of the Literature

Human food flavor additives as bird repellents: I. Conjugated aromatic compounds

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