A Suggestion for Using Powerful and Informative Tests of Normality

Belanger, Albert J.; D’Agostino, Ralph B.

doi:10.2307/2684359

Cited by 666 publications

(480 citation statements)

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“…Outliers were identified using the Median Absolute Deviation Method [39] and transformed to reduce their impact on analyses. Univariate normality was assessed using the D'Agostino-Pearson Omnibus Test [40], while multivariate normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk Multivariate test [41], available in R Version 3.0.1 [42]. Non-normal distributions, including the composite scores, were transformed using Naperian log transformation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive dysfunction predicts social cognition impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

et al. 2015

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the motor system with recognised extra-motor and cognitive involvement. This cross-sectional study examined ALS patients' performance on measures requiring social inference, and determined the relationship between such changes and variations in mood, behaviour, personality, empathy and executive function. Fifty-five ALS patients and 49 healthy controls were compared on tasks measuring social cognition and executive function. ALS patients also completed measures examining mood, behaviour and personality. Regression analyses explored the contribution of executive function, mood, behaviour and personality to social cognition scores within the ALS sample. A between-group MANOVA revealed that, the ALS group was impaired relative to controls on two composite scores for social cognition and executive function. Patients also performed worse on individual tests of executive function measuring cognitive flexibility, response inhibition and concept formation, and on individual aspects of social cognition assessing the attribution of emotional and mental states. Regression analyses indicated that ALS-related executive dysfunction was the main predictor of social cognition performance, above and beyond demographic variables, behaviour, mood and personality. On at least some aspects of social cognition, impaired performance in ALS appears to be secondary to executive dysfunction. The profile of cognitive impairment in ALS supports a cognitive continuum between ALS and frontotemporal dementia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive dysfunction predicts social cognition impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

et al. 2015

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“…Univariate statistics for normally distributed continuous covariates (ie, age) were assessed by two-way ANOVA for differences by primary tumour site among cases and by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test when not normally distributed, with normality determined by the skewness-kurtosis test. 22 Categorical differences by site were assessed by Fisher's exact test. All tests were two-sided and significance was considered where p≤0.05.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area

et al. 2013

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Objectives Asbestos describes a group of naturally occurring silicate mineral fibers that were widely used in industry during the 20th century due to their desirable physical properties. Although use in the United States has fallen over the last three decades, significant exposure in the developing world continues and the burden of disease is considerable. Asbestos is a known risk factor for several malignant diseases, including lung cancer and mesothelioma, and has more recently been implicated in pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. However, studies of asbestos and cancers of the larynx or pharynx with adequate sample-size that control for major head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) risk factors remain relatively sparse. Methods We report findings from a case-control study of 674 incident male HNSCC cases from the greater Boston region and 857 population-based male controls, matched on age (+/− 3 years), sex, and town or neighborhood of residence. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between occupational asbestos exposure and HNSCC by primary tumor site. Results A total of 190 cases (28.2%) and 203 controls (23.7%) reported an occupational exposure to asbestos. Occupational asbestos exposure was associated with an elevated risk of pharyngeal carcinoma in men (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01–1.97), adjusted for age, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, income, and HPV16 serology, with borderline increasing risk for each decade at the exposed occupation (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.99–1.23). Conclusion These observations are consistent with the mounting evidence that asbestos is a risk factor for pharyngeal cancer.

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“…5). Size classes 1 + 2 and 3 in Tragamón showed a signiWcant negative association at inter-tree distances of 4.5-9 m, according to the spatial Table 2 Parameters of DBH distributions, test results for skewness and kurtosis (D'Agostino et al 1990) and adjusted Weibull models Capital letters in Tragamón and Caviedes correspond to the components of DBH distributions displayed in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Spatial Associationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…DBH distribution analysis DBH data in each stand was tested for normality with the robust and powerful D'Agostino third (qb 1 ) and fourth (b 2 ) moment tests, which test for deviations from normality associated with skewness and kurtosis, respectively (D'Agostino et al 1990). The null hypotheses are a skewness of 0 and a kurtosis of 3.…”

Section: Field Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial structure of deciduous forest stands with contrasting human influence in northwest Spain

2009

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Five contrasting deciduous forest stands were studied to characterize the spatial structural variability in human-inXuenced forests. These stands are representative of cultural forest types widely represented in western Europe: one plantation, two coppices, one wood-pasture forest and one high forest stand. All stems with DBH > 5 cm were measured and mapped, and stem DBH distributions, spatial structure of DBH, spatial point patterns and spatial associations were analysed. Spatial autocorrelation for DBH was calculated with Moran's I correlograms and semivariograms. Complete spatial randomness hypothesis for spatial point patterns, and both independence and random labelling hypotheses for spatial associations were analysed using Ripley's K function. The results showed that tree sizes were conditioned by particular former management systems, which determined unimodal symmetric, positively skewed or compound DBH distributions. Spatial structure was more complex when human inXuence became reduced. Coppice stands showed clumped spatial patterns and independence among size classes, as a consequence of sexual and vegetative establishment of new stems in open areas. The largest clumping intensity was observed in the wood-pasture with an intermediate disturbance frequency and low inter-tree competition. The high forest stand displayed spatial traits consistent with the gap-dynamics paradigm, such as clumping of smaller trees, random arrangement of larger trees, negative association between juveniles and adults, and high structural heterogeneity. It can be expected that after cessation of human interference, coppices and wood-pastures would evolve to a more heterogeneous structure, probably with a higher habitat and species diversity.

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A Suggestion for Using Powerful and Informative Tests of Normality

Cited by 666 publications

References 0 publications

Executive dysfunction predicts social cognition impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Executive dysfunction predicts social cognition impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area

Spatial structure of deciduous forest stands with contrasting human influence in northwest Spain

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