A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the south-west Pacific island arc

Cronan, D. S.; Glasby, G. P.; Moorby, S. A.; Thomson, J.; Knedler, K. E.; McDougall, J. C.

doi:10.1038/298456a0

Cited by 75 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The synthetic 7 A and 10 A manganates offer simple analogues of the phyllomanganate minerals birnessite and buserite, which appear to typify the hydrothermal manganese oxides deposited along submarine oceanic spreading centers (Moore and Vogt, 1976;Corliss et al, 1978) and island arcs (Cronan et al, 1982;Usui et al, 1989;Usui and Nishimura, 1992). This mineralogy differs from the todorokite-vernadite of marine manganese nodules of low-temperature, hydrogenous origin (Bums andBurns, 1977, 1978;Turner et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono- and divalent cations

et al. 1994

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The crystal structures of synthetic 7 .~ and 10 Jk manganates, synthetic birnessite and buserite, substituted by mono-and divalent cations were investigated by X-ray and electron diffractions. The monoclinic unit cell parameters of the subcell of lithium 7 A manganate, which is one of the best ordered manganates, were obtained by computing the X-ray powder diffraction data: a = 5.152 A, b = 2.845 A, c = 7.196 A, 13 = 103.08 ~ On the basis of the indices obtained by computing the X-ray diffraction data of Li 7 A manganate, monovalent Na, K and Cs and divalent Be, Sr and Ba 7 A manganates were interpreted as the same monoclinic structure with 13 = 100-103 ~ as that of Li 7 A manganate, from their X-ray diffraction data. In addition, divalent Mg, Ca and Ni 10 A manganates were also interpreted as the same monoclinic crystal system with 13 = 90-94 ~ The unit cell parameters, especially a, c and 13, change possibly with the type of substituent cation probably because of the different ionic radius, hydration energy and molar ratio of substituent cation to manganese. However, these diffraction data, except for those of Sr and Ba 7 A and Ca and Ni 10 A manganates, reveal only some parts of the host manganese structure with the edge-shared [MnO6] octahedral layer. On the other hand, one of the superlattice reflections observed in the electron diffractions was found in the X-ray diffraction lines for heavier divalent cations Sr and Ba 7 A and Ca and Ni 10 A manganates. The reflection presumably results from the substituent cation position in the interlayer which is associated with the vacancies in the edge-shared [MnO6] layer and indicates that the essential vacancies are linearly arranged parallel to the b-axis. Furthermore, the characteristic superlattice reflection patterns for several cations, Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ni, manganates were interpreted that the substituent cations are regularly distributed in the interlayer according to the exchange percentage of substituent cation to Na + . In contrast, the streaking in the a-direction observed strongly in the electron diffractions for heavier monovalent cations, K and Cs, manganates probably results from the disordering of their cations in the a-direction in the interlayer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono- and divalent cations

et al. 1994

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“…is easily precipitated as clay-size oxide particles when oxidizing environments are encountered. Growing large manganese oxide deposits are reported typically near submarine low-temperature hydrothermal vents associated with mid-oceanic spreading centers and submarine island-are volcanoes (Moore and Vogt 1976, Corliss et al 1978, Lonsdale et al 1980, Cronan et al 1982, Lalou et al 1983, Thompson et al 1985, Usui et al 1986, Alt et al 1987, Bolton et al 1988, Usui et al 1989, Usui and Nishimura 1992. On the other hand, modern subareal active manganese deposits are usually small in size and in deposition rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry and Mineralogy of a Modern Buserite Deposit from a Hot Spring in Hokkaido, Japan

Usui

Mita

1995

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The hot spring water discharging from a flank of an active volcano is precipitating unique monomineralic manganese deposits over volcanic terrain. The major and trace element chemistry, XRD mineralogy, DTA, and SEM observations indicate that the deposits consist of 10/~ phyllomanganate (buserite) accommodating inter-layer Ca and Mg with negligible amounts of detrital minerals. Other metallic elements can be accommodated by buserite, but concentrations are negligible ranging less than 10 ppm to 500 ppm. Abundance and pattern of REE (less than 100 ppm in total) are similar to those from hydrothermal manganese deposits. The buserite is enriched in Ca and Mg but depleted in Na in comparison with those in the spring water. The distribution coefficients for Ca, Mg and Na between the buserite and the host water were calculated assuming an ion-exchange equilibrium in the Yuno-Taki Fails, which proved applicable to other manganese deposits from surficial environments on land and oceans.

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“…This is overlain by volcanic ash that appears to be cemented with manganese oxide. Similar manganese oxides have been described from the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge (Cronan et al, 1982) and the Valu Fa Ridge, central Lau Basin (Herzig et al, 1990) and have been shown to be hydrothermal in origin.…”

Section: Clayey Nannofossil Oozementioning

confidence: 62%

“…Both the morphology and mineralogy indicate a hydrothermal origin for the manganese oxide fragments. Similar manganese oxides, in the form of platy crusts, have been reported from surficial settings in the central Lau Basin (Herzig et al, 1990) and the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge (Cronan et al, 1982), and have been shown to be hydrothermal in origin based on metal accumulation rates.…”

Section: Manganese Oxide Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Site 835

1992

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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Core recovery (%): 100 Oldest sediment cored:Depth ( Its regional setting is on the eastern flank of the broad, north-south bathymetric high centered on 18°35'S, 177°25'W, which rises to 1650 m from a water depth of around 2700 m in the vicinity of Site 834. The rocks forming the bathymetric high are of unknown composition, but they may represent the location of an extinct spreading ridge, abandoned after eastward migration or jump of the backarc spreading axis. The principal objectives of the site were (1) to assess the ages and chemistry of the basement rocks, and to determine their petrogenetic relationship to those recovered at Site 834; (2) to sample the overlying sedimentary sequence to review variations in carbonate, clay, and volcaniclastic components, and to assess their stratigraphic relationships to marker units identified at Site 834; and (3) to identify the tectonic setting of the site in terms of models of backarc ridge relocation by ridge jump, ridge migration, or asymmetric spreading. The sedimentary sequence recovered at Site 835 consists of 155 m of clayey nannofossil oozes, mud-clast conglomerates, turbiditic foraminiferal sands and oozes, and clayey nannofossil mixed sediments (Fig.

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A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the south-west Pacific island arc

Cited by 75 publications

References 12 publications

Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono- and divalent cations

Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono- and divalent cations

Geochemistry and Mineralogy of a Modern Buserite Deposit from a Hot Spring in Hokkaido, Japan

Site 835

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