EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSince 1984, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has conducted research in cooperation with the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to expand and improve technology for passive-integrated-transponder tags (PIT tags) throughout the Columbia River Basin.Timely and accurate information derived from PIT-tag technology is increasingly critical to resource stakeholders in developing recovery programs and in assessing the effectiveness of efforts to enhance survival of juvenile and adult salmonids. Continued development of PIT-tag technology will enable researchers to address issues expressed in the NMFS biological opinions for operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS). Below are individual summaries for each of these projects.
Development of 134.2-kHz ISO-based Interrogation Systems For Fish LaddersNMFS initiated a project in 1997 to develop interrogation systems for detection of adult salmonids in fish ladders, concentrating on detection in fish ladder orifices. Interrogation systems consist of antenna and transceiver systems.1.1. Antenna System--The main objective for the development of an antenna system was to develop a standardized design that could be used throughout the CRB. A new antenna system with a 1-inch chamfer and 2-inch air gap was designed in summer iv 2000; to keep the weight down, this design used closed-cell foam instead of glass beads. Determining the antenna configuration (e.g., number of wraps, impedance value) was one of the first subtasks to be completed in FY01.This new antenna design appeared acceptable until the end of October 2001, when the tuning values for several transceivers at BWSL dramatically decreased. These values displayed a stair-step pattern, where current would drop and then remain constant for a time and then drop again. Simulation tests conducted to duplicate the problem suggested strongly that some moisture had reached either the antenna wires or the capacitors.NMFS removed and replaced two antenna housings so that the problem antennas could be dissected, and dissection showed conclusively that moisture had entered the antenna housings. Subsequent testing demonstrated that the closed-cell foam was incompatible with the fiberglass, resulting in pinholes forming in the outer fiberglass shell.Although the manufacturing process was improved, testing during 2002 confirmed that approximately 20% of the orifice antennas installed were identified as containing moisture. Although an antenna might contain moisture, until that moisture reaches critical electronic components, it should not impact the performance of the interrogation unit. During 2002, moisture did not appear to have reached any critical electronic components in any of the identified antennas, as an evaluation showed that performances of interrogation units with antennas containing moisture were comparable to those of units with antennas that did not contain moisture.Alternative materials were investigated to replace the fiberglass, and antennas made with both PVC and a copoly...