“…Due to the mobility revolution, urban transport faces issues like emission reduction, congestion, and noise pollution. While alternatives to road vehicles, such as metro systems [2,12] and shared bicycles [13,14], and optimization of the existing road vehicle operations through intelligent traffic signal systems [15,16] have been proposed, these ground-based solutions face constraints due to the saturation of urban surface and underground spaces [1,6]. Few studies fundamentally solve the limitations of ground transportation space.…”