A study on the venom yield of venomous snake species from Argentina

Roodt, Adolfo Rafael de; Dolab, Jorge Adrián; Galarce, Pedro P; Gould, E.; Litwin, Stephen D.; Dokmetjian, José Christian; Segre, Liliana; Vidal, Juan C.

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00119-6

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Belluomini 28 reported mean amounts of 0.12 mL and 28.5 mg for venom produc-tion by C. durissus terrificus in a controlled environment. For the same species, Roodt et al 29 reported dry venom values of 140.4 AE 21.0 mg (mean AE standard deviation). Values similar to those obtained in the present study were reported by Glenn et al 13 for Crotalus atrox, using electrical stimulation for extraction (0.83 mL for fresh venom; 228 mg for lyophilized venom).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of a biostimulatory homeopathic complex on venom production in captive rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus)

et al. 2016

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two administration methods of a biostimulatory homeopathic complex (Convert H) on the production of fresh and lyophilized venom of rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) under intensive captivity conditions. Sixty snakes were subjected to treatment following a randomized block design. The effects of sex and size were controlled for. Thirteen consecutive extractions were performed over 21 months. The first factor considered in the experiment was the origin of mice used as prey: a conventional colony (A1) or the Convert H colony (A2; mice receiving the homeopathic complex in water at 1%). The type of water given to snakes was the second factor: pure (B1) or amended with 5% of Convert H (B2). The experiment was structured in a factorial 2 × 2 design combining mouse and water types (A1B1, A1B2, A2B1, and A2B2). No consistent treatment effects on fresh venom production (mL) were observed when the experimental groups were compared with controls (A1B1). However, production of lyophilized venom (mg) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in A2B2 animals than in controls in eight of 13 extractions performed, and also in aggregate. The results revealed that production of lyophilized venom, measured over multiple extractions, can be increased by administering the homeopathic complex simultaneously to rattlesnakes and prey.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of a biostimulatory homeopathic complex on venom production in captive rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus)

et al. 2016

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“…However, the amount of venom obtained from these snakes is low 9,15,16,19,34 . The yield of venom from Argentinean Micrurus is about 14 ± 6 mg per adult snake 11 ranging from 1 mg in small specimens to more than 40 mg in very large snakes (de ROODT unpublished results), as is the case for most South American Micrurus. In addition, the very short and fixed fangs and the absence of a closed duct to inject the venom, reduce the effectiveness of venom inoculation in comparison to vipers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

Roodt

Titto

Dolab³

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYEnvenomation by coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) is one of the most dangerous injuries in America and it is considered as a serious medical emergency, however bites by these snakes appear to be rare. We analyzed epidemiological data, clinical signs and antivenom use in Argentina during the period between . During this period of study 46 non-fatal Micrurus bites were reported. The majority of cases were men from 31 to 40 years old. Bites occurred primarily in spring and summer. Most cases were reported from the northeast and northwest provinces of the country. The bites were mostly located on hands or feet and occurred mostly during agricultural activities and so mainly involved farmers. Only four cases occurred as a result of handling snakes. The median time it took for antivenom to be administrated was 60 minutes after the bite, and the median number of vials applied was 2. Local pain was mentioned and edema was reported in 41% of patients. All patients recovered without sequelae. This study showed a low incidence of Micrurus bites and low severity of envenomation. However, although no deaths have been reported during the last 30 years, given the toxicity of the venom of Micrurus snakes, the risk of severe envenomation should be considered.

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“…The amount of venom that can be extracted from a Micrurus snake can vary greatly depending on the species. It ranges from 3 mg for M. corallinus to 54 mg per milking in M. suranimensis , but venom yield average rarely exceeds 20 mg (7–10). Also, M. corallinus is a species particularly sensitive to captivity, with important dietary restrictions and disease susceptibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Strategy to Improve the Development of a Coral Antivenom Against Micrurus spp.

et al. 2019

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Accidents involving Micrurus snakes are not the most common ones but are noteworthy due to their severity. Victims envenomed by Micrurus snakes are at high risk of death and therefore must be treated with coral antivenom. In Brazil, the immunization mixture used to fabricate coral antivenom contains Micrurus frontalis and Micrurus corallinus venoms, which are difficult to be obtained in adequate amounts. Different approaches to solve the venom limitation problem have been attempted, including the use of synthetic and recombinant antigens as substitutes. The present work proposes a combined immunization protocol, using priming doses of M. frontalis venom and booster doses of synthetic B-cell epitopes derived from M. corallinus toxins (four three-finger toxins-3FTX; and one phospholipase A2-PLA2) to obtain coral antivenom in a rabbit model. Immunized animals elicited a humoral response against both M. frontalis and M. corallinus venoms, as detected by sera reactivity in ELISA and Western Blot. Relevant cross-reactivity of the obtained sera with other Micrurus species (Micrurus altirostris, Micrurus lemniscatus, Micrurus spixii, Micrurus surinamensis) venoms was also observed. The elicited antibodies were able to neutralize PLA2 activity of both M. frontalis and M. corallinus venoms. In vivo, immunized rabbit sera completely protected mice from a challenge with 1.5 median lethal dose (LD50) of M. corallinus venom and 50% of mice challenged with 1.5 LD50 of M. frontalis venom. These results show that this combined protocol may be a suitable alternative to reduce the amount of venom used in coral antivenom production in Brazil.

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A study on the venom yield of venomous snake species from Argentina

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Effect of a biostimulatory homeopathic complex on venom production in captive rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus)

Effect of a biostimulatory homeopathic complex on venom production in captive rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus)

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

A Combined Strategy to Improve the Development of a Coral Antivenom Against Micrurus spp.

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