A study on the structure and mechanical behavior of the Terrapene carolina carapace: A pathway to design bio-inspired synthetic composites

Rhee, Hongjoo; Horstemeyer, M.F.; Hwang, Youngkeun; Lim, Hyun Jung; Kadiri, Haitham El; Trim, W.

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2009.06.002

Cited by 107 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mechanical properties of the turtle shell, mainly focusing on the bony cortices and cancellous interior via bending [288], indentation, compression, flexure and modeling [289][290][291][292], compression, tension and simulation [293,294], have been studied. The composite structure and mechanical properties in different orientations of dry red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scriptaare) shell are illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Hard and Soft Epidermis Of Testudinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Wang

Yang

McKittrick

et al. 2016

Progress in Materials Science

617

474

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a b s t r a c tA ubiquitous biological material, keratin represents a group of insoluble, usually high-sulfur content and filament-forming proteins, constituting the bulk of epidermal appendages such as hair, nails, claws, turtle scutes, horns, whale baleen, beaks, and feathers. These keratinous materials are formed by cells filled with keratin and are considered 'dead tissues'. Nevertheless, they are among the toughest biological materials, serving as a wide variety of interesting functions, e.g. scales to armor body, horns to combat aggressors, hagfish slime as defense against predators, nails and claws to increase prehension, hair and fur to protect against the environment. The vivid inspiring examples can offer useful solutions to design new structural and functional materials.Keratins can be classified as a-and b-types. Both show a characteristic filament-matrix structure: 7 nm diameter intermediate filaments for a-keratin, and 3 nm diameter filaments for b-keratin.Both are embedded in an amorphous keratin matrix. The molecular unit of intermediate filaments is a coiled-coil heterodimer and that of b-keratin filament is a pleated sheet. The mechanical response of a-keratin has been extensively studied and shows linear Hookean, yield and post-yield regions, and in some cases, a high reversible elastic deformation. Thus, they can be also be considered 'biopolymers'. On the other hand, b-keratin has not been investigated as comprehensively. Keratinous materials are strain-rate sensitive, and the effect of hydration is significant.Keratinous materials exhibit a complex hierarchical structure: polypeptide chains and filament-matrix structures at the nanoscale, Progress in Materials Science 76 (2016) 229-318 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Sciencej o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p m a t s c i organization of keratinized cells into lamellar, tubular-intertubular, fiber or layered structures at the microscale, and solid, compact sheaths over porous core, sandwich or threads at the macroscale. These produce a wide range of mechanical properties: the Young's modulus ranges from 10 MPa in stratum corneum to about 2.5 GPa in feathers, and the tensile strength varies from 2 MPa in stratum corneum to 530 MPa in dry hagfish slime threads. Therefore, they are able to serve various functions including diffusion barrier, buffering external attack, energy-absorption, impact-resistance, piercing opponents, withstanding repeated stress and aerodynamic forces, and resisting buckling and penetration.A fascinating part of the new frontier of materials study is the development of bioinspired materials and designs. A comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry, structure and mechanical properties of keratins and keratinous materials is of great importance for keratin-based bioinspired materials and designs. Current bioinspired efforts including the manufacturing of quill-inspired aluminum composites, animal horn-inspired SiC composites, and feather-i...

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Section: Hard and Soft Epidermis Of Testudinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Wang

Yang

McKittrick

et al. 2016

Progress in Materials Science

617

474

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“…Compression test results revealed a typical deformation behavior of cellular solids showing three distinctive regions: an initial linear elastic deformation, a plateau of deformation, and another period of near linear deformation with a fairly high modulus. The favorable deformation mechanisms of these materials in compressive conditions can be explained by those of synthetic foams found elsewhere (Gibson;Ashby 1988;Rhee et al 2009). …”

Section: Mechanics and Modeling Of Animal Outer Armormentioning

confidence: 67%

Southern Regional Center for Lightweight Innovative Design

Wang

2012

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Lightweighting materials are critical to reducing emissions and the United States' reliance on foreign oil. Understanding how lightweighting materials utilized in vehicles perform in crash scenarios is paramount as well, for passenger safety as well as energy efficiency are primary design challenges facing today's automotive industry. The Southern Regional Center for Lightweight Innovative Design (SRCLID) plans to develop an experimentally validated cradle-to-grave modeling and simulation effort to optimize automotive and truck components in order to decrease weight and cost, yet increase performance and safety in crash scenarios.SRCLID's end-to-end ("Atoms to Autos") modeling effort quantifies the microstructure-property relations of lightweight materials by evaluating them at various length scales, starting at the atomic level, for each step of the manufacturing process. Utilizing theory development, experimental characterization, and large scale computing, we have developed multiscale physics-based material models that are experimentally validated and account for uncertainty. Our design methodologies then guide design optimization of components, systems, and materials in engineering practice throughout the southern automotive corridor of the US. Both the new, lightweight materials and the math-based tools developed through SRCLID are being implemented in development of next-generation vehicles, with particular consideration given to their performance under various crash and high-speed impact environments.In summary, the three major objectives of this Phase III project are:• To develop experimentally validated cradle-to-grave modeling and simulation tools to optimize automotive and truck components for lightweighting materials (aluminum, steel, and Mg alloys and polymer-based composites) with consideration of uncertainty to decrease weight and cost, yet increase the performance and safety in impact scenarios;• To develop multiscale computational models that quantify microstructure-property relations by evaluating various length scales, from the atomic through component levels, for each step of the manufacturing process for vehicles; and• To develop an integrated K-12 educational program to educate students on lightweighting designs and impact scenarios.S o u t h e r n R e g i o n a l C e n t e r f o r L i g h t w e i g h t I n n o v a t i v e D e s i g n Ex. Sum.-Page 2 AccomplishmentsWe are generating process-structure-property (PSP) relationships for aluminum, steel and magnesium alloys, and we have developed a physics-based multiscale internal state variable (ISV) model that includes uncertainty. We validated the model for aluminum and steel alloys and have begun to validate it for magnesium alloys. We developed a material database, ISV material models, and process models for extruded (AM30 and AZ61) and warm formed (AZ31) magnesium alloys. The database includes results from the mechanical and microstructure characterization studies performed using current experimental equipment at CAVS. The material model ...

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“…Aquatic turtles living in higher flow regimes are built more streamlined with smaller, weaker shells to use speed and mobility to their advantage. Even with the various levels of protection between different species, all turtles use the same functionally graded material structure of the carapace to blunt a predator's attack and distribute the energy input to their soft tissue [91,98].…”

Section: Turtle Carapacementioning

confidence: 99%

Armours for soft bodies: how far can bioinspiration take us?

White

Vernerey

2018

Bioinspir. Biomim.

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The development of armour is as old as the dawn of civilization. Early man looked to natural structures to harvest or replicate for protection, leaning on millennia of evolutionary developments in natural protection. Since the advent of more modern weaponry, Armor development has seemingly been driven more by materials research than bio-inspiration. However, parallels can still be drawn between modern bullet-protective armours and natural defensive structures. Soft armour for handgun and fragmentation threats can be likened to mammalian skin, and similarly, hard armour can be compared with exoskeletons and turtle shells. Via bio-inspiration, it may be possible to develop structures previously un-researched for ballistic protection. This review will cover current modern ballistic protective structures focusing on energy dissipation and absorption methods, and their natural analogues. As all armour is a compromise between weight, flexibility and protection, the imbricated structure of scaled skin will be presented as a better balance between these factors. TOPICAL REVIEW RECEIVED

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A study on the structure and mechanical behavior of the Terrapene carolina carapace: A pathway to design bio-inspired synthetic composites

Cited by 107 publications

References 22 publications

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Southern Regional Center for Lightweight Innovative Design

Armours for soft bodies: how far can bioinspiration take us?

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