A study on the reliability and validity of a scale to measure shyness as a trait.

Aikawa, Atsushi

doi:10.4992/jjpsy.62.149

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Results gained in earlier studies indicated that shyness showed no correlation with private self-consciousness (Aikawa, 1991). However, the participants in this study were junior-high school students, so in this factor the characteristics of junior high school students reflect Factor IV.…”

Section: Analyses Of Shyness Factorsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The authors listed 90 items considered to be related to shyness in junior high school students. The shyness items were selected by referring to the previously established shyness scale (e.g., Aikawa, 1991;Cheek & Buss, 1981), public and private self-consciousness (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975), and modifying these items to fit the shyness of junior high school students. A 5-point scale was used for the ratings, with anchors of not at all (1) to very strongly (5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of shyness scales have been developed previously (e.g., Aikawa, 1991;Cheek & Buss, 1981). In the past few years, new interest in shyness has arisen, which defines three components -cognitive, affective, and behavioralas being the basis of the shyness syndrome (Cheek & Melchior, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Developing a Shyness Scale for Japanese Junior High School Students

Matsushima

Shiomi

2001

soc behav pers

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In this study we developed a Shyness scale for Japanese junior high school students and examined the reliability and the validity of this scale. In this study, 90 "Shyness" items and items assessing tendencies theoretically linked to shyness (for example, self-consciousness or self-esteem) were administered to 577 junior high school students in Japan; 299 of the 577 students were administered also the SPI (Shimoda-shiki Personality Inventory). Four factors (Behavioral Inhibition in Personal Relationships, Fear of Negative Evaluation by Others, Lack of Confidence, and Private Self-Consciousness) were extracted by principal components analysis. The coefficient alpha reliabilities of the 4 shyness subscales were sufficient and demonstrated the validity of the shyness scale, which was confirmed by correlations between the shyness subscales and the SPI subscales.

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Section: Analyses Of Shyness Factorsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Shyness Scale for Japanese Junior High School Students

Matsushima

Shiomi

2001

soc behav pers

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“…Some previous studies in Europe and America, for instance, showed that high levels of SE have a negative relationship with delinquency (Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 1978), anxiety disorders (Ingham et al, 1986), eating disorders (Kendler et al, 1991), and major depression (Brown et al, 1986). Some previous studies in Japan also showed that high levels of SE have a negative relationship with loneliness (Kudou & Nisikawa, 1983), anthrophobic-tendency (Okada & Nagai, 1989), conformity (Kurosawa, 1993) and shyness (Aikawa, 1991). However, there have been few empirical attempts to investigate the mechanism of SE.…”

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confidence: 94%

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Esteem in a Japanese Twin Sample

2001

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“…According to Arimitsu (1999), public self-consciousness, emotional instability and shyness are raised as personality traits that are deeply correlated with``choking under pressure.'' This study created 17 question items based on previous questionnaires to measure public self-consciousness (Sugawara, 1984), emotional instability (Wada, 1996) and shyness (Aikawa, 1991). For the purposes of this study, we deˆnè`c hoking under pressure'' as``performance decrements under circumstances that increase the importance of good or improved performance (Baumeister, 1984).''…”

Section: ) Survey Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Related to Choking under Pressure in Sports and the Relationships among Them*

Murayama

Sekiya

2015

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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Factors related to choking under pressure during sports were investigated through a questionnaire survey and the relationship among the factors was examined. A questionnaire survey of choking was conducted among university students in sports-oriented school clubs (n＝535). Exploratory factor analysis extracted 11 factors: changes in motor control and vicious circles, abnormal physical sensations, perceptual and cognitive confusion, introversion, self-consciousness, feelings of physical heaviness and weakness, conscious processing (attention to movements), passivity, feelings of physical fatigue, safety-oriented strategies, and heat sensations. An analytical model with nine factors, (excluding feelings of physical fatigue and heat sensations) as latent variables was constructed, and covariance structure analysis was performed. The results indicated the validity of the mechanistic model of choking, consisting of nine latent variables. According to the model, when self-consciousness, or abnormal physical sensations, had a high proˆle, conscious processing increased. Furthermore, it was conˆrmed that conscious processing aŠected changes in motor control and vicious circles, which led directly to a decline in motor performance. It was also indicated that abnormal physical sensations determined perceptual and cognitive confusion, or feelings of physical heaviness and weakness. On the other hand, when perceptual and cognitive confusion and feelings of physical heaviness and weakness had a high proˆle, passivity increased. High passivity caused changes in motor control and vicious circles. Moreover, increased passivity led to the adoption of a safety-oriented strategy that often caused changes in motor control and vicious circles. While previous studies have tried to explain choking only from the perspective of changes in attention, the above results suggest the following mechanistic model of choking, indicative of another perspective: Changes in psychological, physiological, and behavioral variables cause a decline in performance. Especially interactions between emotions and cognitions and the adoption of a strategy with a low risk of failure determine changes in motor control.

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A study on the reliability and validity of a scale to measure shyness as a trait.

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Developing a Shyness Scale for Japanese Junior High School Students

Developing a Shyness Scale for Japanese Junior High School Students

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Esteem in a Japanese Twin Sample

Factors Related to Choking under Pressure in Sports and the Relationships among Them*

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