A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

Matusik, Katarzyna E.; Duke, Daniel J.; Sovis, Nicolas; Swantek, Andrew; Powell, Christopher F.; Payri, Raúl; Vaquerizo, Daniel; Valderrama, Jhoan Sebastián Giraldo; Kastengren, Alan L.

doi:10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4766

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…UMass, KAUST-Aramco and Siemens used a 9 mm plenum diameter, however CMT used 6 mm plenum diameter for the CONVERGE simulations and 9 mm plenum diameter for the Star CCM+ calculations. However, experimentalists 30 have observed variations in the intricate geometrical details of different Spray G injectors. Argonne in their sector simulation using CONVERGE have incorporated X-ray measured hole 5 geometrical details leading to an expensive computation.…”

Section: Ecn Spray G Geometry Details and Operating Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collaborative investigation of the internal flow and near-nozzle flow of an eight-hole gasoline injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G)

Mohapatra

Schmidt

Sforozo

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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The internal details of fuel injectors have a profound impact on the emissions from gasoline direct injection engines. However, the impact of injector design features is not currently understood, due to the difficulty in observing and modeling internal injector flows. Gasoline direct injection flows involve moving geometry, flash boiling, and high levels of turbulent two-phase mixing. In order to better simulate these injectors, five different modeling approaches have been employed to study the engine combustion network Spray G injector. These simulation results have been compared to experimental measurements obtained, among other techniques, with X-ray diagnostics, allowing the predictions to be evaluated and critiqued. The ability of the models to predict mass flow rate through the injector is confirmed, but other features of the predictions vary in their accuracy. The prediction of plume width and fuel mass distribution varies widely, with volume-of-fluid tending to overly concentrate the fuel. All the simulations, however, seem to struggle with predicting fuel dispersion and by inference, jet velocity. This shortcoming of the predictions suggests a need to improve Eulerian modeling of dense fuel jets.

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Section: Ecn Spray G Geometry Details and Operating Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collaborative investigation of the internal flow and near-nozzle flow of an eight-hole gasoline injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G)

Mohapatra

Schmidt

Sforozo

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…In addition, manufacturing defects such as the protrusion at the hole exit and the void on the counterbore surface are preserved and are highlighted by the red circles in Figure 1(b); these defects will be shown later to impact the spray morphology significantly. Some of the critical geometric features as suggested by previous work 5,6 are summarized in Table 1 and will be discussed in this study. To investigate geometric effects on spray atomization, two more nozzle geometries are considered for comparison.…”

Section: Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Almost all the CFD GDI simulations to date use a nominally specified injector geometry model, and the simulations are then compared with experimental data measured from real injectors without consideration of manufacturing tolerance and defects, as pointed out in the aforementioned experimental studies. 5,6 In this study, high-fidelity LES calculations of a Spray G injector are performed using the VOF method. A micron-level high-resolution injector geometry model of ECN Spray G injector #28 as described in Duke et al 5 is used to include manufacturing tolerance and defects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The X-ray measurements also captured small-scale surface features and defects in the order of 10 μm (5%–6% of the hole diameter), which are expected to affect the internal flow significantly. Matusik et al 6 applied the same technique and measured the nozzle geometry for eight nominally identical Spray G injectors. By performing multiple linear regression analysis with respect to average planar integrated mass of the sprays, they identified several key dimensions, such as hole diameter, hole inlet corner radius, and counterbore diameter, that influence the downstream spray behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spray characterization for engine combustion network Spray G injector using high-fidelity simulation with detailed injector geometry

Yue

Battistoni

Som

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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This article presents a computational fluid dynamics study of the engine combustion network Spray G, focusing on the transient characteristics of the spray during the start of injection and the impacts of nozzle geometry details derived from the manufacturing process. The large-eddy-simulation method, coupled with the volume-of-fluid method, was used to model the high-speed turbulent two-phase flow. A moving-needle boundary condition was applied to capture the internal flow boundary condition accurately. The injector geometry was measured with micron-level resolution using X-ray tomographic imaging at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, providing detailed machining tolerance and defects from manufacturing and a realistic rough surface. For comparison, a nominal geometry and a modified geometry incorporating measured large-scale geometric features but no surface details were also used in the simulations. Spray characteristics such as mass flow rate, injection velocity, and Sauter mean diameter were analyzed. Significantly distinct spray characteristics in terms of injection velocity, spray morphology, and primary breakup mechanism were predicted using different nozzle geometries, which is mainly attributable to the realistic surface finish and manufacturing defects. The measured high-resolution geometry predicts a lower injection velocity, a wider-spreading spray, and an overall slower breakup rate with evident injector tip wetting compared to the ideally smooth nozzle boundary. This result implies that the manufacturing details of the injector, which are usually ignored in fuel injection studies, have a significant impact on the spray development process and should be taken into account for design optimization.

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Large Eddy Simulations of the fuel injection and mixing process of the ECN GDi Injector Spray G

Payri

Martí-Aldaraví

Martínez

2021

ICLASS

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Understanding unsteady effects of the Gasoline Direct injection (GDi) process, due to short injection duration, plays a major role in the analysis of the mixture formation and so combustion efficiency in the spark ignition engines. Focusing on the phase when the needle is at its maximum lift, there still are some uncertainties. For instance, the time evolution of the upstream pressure, together with the detailed geometry of the needle and the seat, shape of the rate of injection could affect the uniformity of the flow between orifices. Experimentally addressing these issues nowadays remains challenging, if not impossible, so Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are used. Homogeneous Relaxation Model (HRM) is employed to consider the mass exchange between liquid and vapor phases of the fuel inside the nozzle. Different Large Eddy Simulations (LES) sub-grid models are employed in order to account for the unsteady effects of turbulence and analyze the predictive capabilities in resolving the spatial-temporal scales. Results are validated against experimental data. Vortices are generated inside the counterbore and enhance the liquid dispersion near the injector. Spray parameters, after a proper time-averaging, also accurately match the results reported in the literature. Root mean square velocity (Urms) fluctuation has higher levels of spatially located fluctuations in areas with significant levels of small-scale turbulence and noticeable liquid-vapor mixture.

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A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Collaborative investigation of the internal flow and near-nozzle flow of an eight-hole gasoline injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G)

Collaborative investigation of the internal flow and near-nozzle flow of an eight-hole gasoline injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G)

Spray characterization for engine combustion network Spray G injector using high-fidelity simulation with detailed injector geometry

Large Eddy Simulations of the fuel injection and mixing process of the ECN GDi Injector Spray G

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