A study on the pathogen species and physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi, China

Abstract

In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathogenicity tests were applied to study the isolates which were recovered from diseased plants collected from 17 different districts of Shanxi Province. The results were as follows: 1) Through morphological and molecular identification, the following 7 species of Fusarium were identified: F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. semitectum; 2) 56 isolates of F. oxysporum were identified using specific primer amplification, among which, 29, 5 and 6 isolates were respectively identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physiological race 1, race 2, and race 3; 3) pathogenicity test indicated the significant pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, and F. subglutinans to tomato plant. Therefore, among these 4 species confirmed as pathogenic to tomato in Shanxi, the highest isolation rate (53.3%) corresponded to F. oxysporum. Three physiological species, race 1, race 2, and race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are detected in Shanxi, among which race 1 is the most widespread pathogen and is also considered as the predominant race.

Major Soilborne Pathogens of Field Processing Tomatoes and Management Strategies

“…At least 10 diseases are reported to cause significant tomato yield loss in China [ 64 ], with one of them being Fusarium wilt. Among the three major physiological races of Fol , race 1 is the main pathogen of tomato Fusarium wilt in China according to field surveys conducted in several northern provinces including Heilongjiang, Shaanxi and Shanxi [ 65 ], while race 2 was only reported in Zhejiang, causing 30–60% tomato yield loss [ 66 ].…”

A three–decade survey of Brazilian Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races assessed by pathogenicity tests on differential tomato accessions and by molecular markers

“…Races 1 and 2 are the most disseminated FOL variants, being present in virtually all major tomato-producing areas around the world (Stravato et al 1999;Kuramae and Souza 2002;Sibounnavong et al 2012;Debbie et al 2018). However, the geographical distribution of FOL race 3 isolates is dramatically expanding in recent years, being already reported in Australia (Grattidge and O'brien 1982); United States (Volin and Jones 1982;Davis et al 1988); Mexico (Valenzuela-Ureta et al 1996;Holgu ın-Peña 2005); Turkey (Baysal et al 2009); South Korea (Choi et al 2013); South Africa (Jacobs et al 2013); Chile (Sep ulveda-Chavera et al 2014); Algeria (Debbie et al 2018); China (Chang et al 2018;Ye et al 2020) and Argentina (Malbr an et al 2020). The recent invasion of FOL race 3 isolates was also detected in three Brazilian states: Esp ırito Santo (Reis et al 2005), Rio de Janeiro (Reis and Boiteux 2007) and Bahia (Barboza et al 2013).…”

“…This marker system has been capable of not only discriminating the three FOL races but also F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) isolates across distinct continents (Hirano and Arie 2006;Balogun et al 2008;Baysal et al 2009;C ßolak and Bic ßici 2013;Chang et al 2018;Cabral et al 2020;Ye et al 2020).…”

Identification and molecular analysis of races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolated from tomato in Baja California, Mexico

“…lycopersici (Fol) es el agente causal de la marchitez vascular del jitomate. Actualmente, se conocen tres razas fisiológicas de Fol que difieren en su grado de virulencia (Biju et al, 2017;Chang et al, 2018). Para su detección se han utilizado distintas técnicas, como métodos moleculares (Chang et al, 2018;Murugan et al, 2020) y variedades diferenciales de jitomate con distintos genes de resistencia a cada una de las razas (Cai et al, 2003;Pirayesh et al, 2018), y la comparación de secuencias Fol race 1, so it could be used as a quick way to identify them.…”

“…Three physiological races of Fol are currently known, which vary in their degree of virulence (Biju et al, 2017;Chang et al, 2018). Different techniques have been used to detect them, such as molecular methods (Chang et al, 2018;Murugan et al, 2020), along with different varieties of tomatoes with different genes for resistance to each of the races (Cai et al, 2003;Pirayesh et al, 2018) and the comparison of nucleotide sequences of the polygalacturonase genes (Kawabe et al, 2005;Murugan et al, 2020). These enzymes degrade polygaracturonic acid and are found in all of the organs of the plant, as well as in the cell walls of the tomato fruit, and they act as pectin depolymerizers.…”