A study on the marine ecological security assessment of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area

Spatiotemporal resilience assessment and comparison in China’s bay area

“…In view of the special geographical conditions of the bay area, we comprehensively consider the coupling of land and sea, focus on the changes in the coastal zone, and take into account the conditions of land and sea. Although there are few studies on the resilience in bay areas at present, based on similar studies, we believe that the percent of attainment days meeting excellent air quality standard, renewable resource recycling rate (Liang et al, 2020), urbanization rate, total economic losses due to marine disasters (Nathwani et al, 2019), dumping amounts of dredged materials in unit sea area (Gao et al, 2022), and other indicators can be further defined. Due to the limit of data, we failed to collect these data.…”

“…During our study period, the social economy in the PRD developed rapidly, but due to the negative effects caused by the pressure of socioeconomic system, pressure on marine ecological of the area has not been reversed in recent 20 years. Most cities are in the stage that socioeconomic development and marine ecological damage coexist (Gao et al, 2022). Although abundant financial resources supported marine ecological restoration projects, the improvement of ecological environment often lagged behind the restoration effect of physical space.…”

“…This made their internal resilience more coordinated than that of BHB. However, it is not optimistic that economic development and urbanization process are exerting strong pressures on the ecological security system, which makes it in a passive and restrained position in Chinese coastal cities (Nathwani et al, 2019;Gao et al, 2022). In addition, coastal cities have efficiency disaster response, which could decrease the negative impact in case marine disasters occur.…”

“…The degree of resilience in land-sea intersection areas remains poorly understood, as the difficulty on unraveling interaction relationships between coastal community development and marine ecosystem changes. Nevertheless, coastal cities, especially in bay areas, are, in many cases, global economic centers (e.g., manufacturing, technology, trade, and finance) where the massive population aggregation and speeding up of industrialization make them vulnerable in facing complex disturbances from both the land and sea areas (Gao et al, 2022). For example, Bohai Bay, Yangtze river Delta, and Pearl River Delta of Chinese important bay areas and other international bay areas, e.g., the Tokyo Bay, San Francisco Bay, and New York Bay, are in a dilemma between economic growth and ecological degradation.…”

Ecological security assessment of Qinzhou coastal zone based on Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model

“…The management model was set up by many scholars (Mokhtar and Aziz, 2003;Banerjee et al, 2016) in line with China's coastal zone ecological security from the perspective of ecological security management methods and environmental problems. Based on 10 major ecological and environmental problems affecting China's coastal zone, combined with the progress and trend of international research, new ideas for the sustainable development of the country's coastal zone were discussed (Wang, 2003;Liu et al, 2020;Liang and Li, 2020), and various assessment models were used to study the temporal and spatial changes of coastal ecological security (Wei et al, 2014;Ersha et al, 2017;Bi et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2022;Cheng et al, 2022). The ecological security of the coastal zone has been studied in different countries, primarily in the aspects of integrated coastal zone management, environmental evolution and disaster forecast, and ecosystem risk assessment (Beatley et al, 2002;Yanes et al, 2019;Jian et al, 2020).…”