A Study on the LOD(Level of Detail) Model for Applications based on Indoor Space Data

Kang, Hye-Young; Lee, Jiyeong

doi:10.7848/ksgpc.2014.32.2.143

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For instance, a building with a coarse exterior with no semantic structuring may include a fine interior, and such has a unique designation. The refinement of the indoor LODs is a current research topic, which is also in focus in Hagedorn et al (2009), Kemec et al (2012), Billen et al (2012), Kang and Lee (2014), Kim et al (2014), and Boeters et al (2015).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

2016

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

333

176

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The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue in this paper that from a geometric point of view the five LODs are insufficient and that their specification is ambiguous.We solve these shortcomings with a better definition of LODs and their refinement. Hereby we present a refined set of 16 LODs focused on the grade of the exterior geometry of buildings, which provide a stricter specification and allow less modelling freedom. This series is a result of an exhaustive research into currently available 3D city models, production workflows, and capabilities of acquisition techniques. Our specification also includes two hybrid models that reflect common acquisition practices. The new LODs are in line with the LODs of CityGML 2.0, and are intended to supplement, rather than replace the geometric part of the current specification. While in our paper we focus on the geometric aspect of the models, our specification is compatible with different levels of semantic granularity. Furthermore, the improved LODs can be considered format-agnostic.Among other benefits, the refined specification could be useful for companies for a better definition of their product portfolios, and for researchers to specify data requirements when presenting use cases of 3D city models. We support our refined LODs with experiments, proving their uniqueness by showing that each yields a different result in a 3D spatial operation.Keywords: Level of detail; 3D city modelling; 3D GIS; 3D building models; CityGML; Scale Highlights• CityGML LODs are an industry standard for conveying the grade of 3D city models.• The 5 LODs are not defined precisely, and they are not sufficient for this purpose.• We present a refined series of 16 LODs that overcomes these issues.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

2016

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

333

176

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“…The most typical methods of 2D representation include a 2D floor plan and a digital CAD drawing. 2D floor plans and digital CAD drawings represent an indoor space as a 2D object [6]. In this case, an indoor space is represented as a simple geometric object-a polygon.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, an indoor space is represented as a simple geometric object-a polygon. Although a digital CAD drawing can represent an indoor space as a solid 3D object, it cannot include topological information or various attributes, so the space is generally represented as a 2D object [6]. Although many systems still use 2D modeling data, 3D modeling data can be used to understand spatial characteristics and arrangements that cannot be identified by a 2D representation method alone; this allows for a greater variety of analyses [7].…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Omnidirectional-Image-Based Data Model through Extending the IndoorGML Concept to an Indoor Patrol Service

Jung

Lee

2017

Journal of Sensors

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Different indoor representation methods have been studied for their ability to provide indoor location-based services (LBS). Among them, omnidirectional imaging is one of the most typical and simple methods for representing an indoor space. However, a georeferenced omnidirectional image cannot be used for simple attribute searches, spatial queries, and spatial awareness analyses. To perform these functions, topological data are needed to define the features of and spatial relationships among spatial objects including indoor spaces as well as facilities like CCTV cameras considered in patrol service applications. Therefore, this study proposes an indoor space application data model for an indoor patrol service that can implement functions suited to linking indoor space data and service objects. In order to do this, the study presents a method for linking data between omnidirectional images representing indoor spaces and topological data on indoor spaces based on the concept of IndoorGML. Also, we conduct an experimental implementation of the integrated 3D indoor navigation model for patrol service using GIS data. Based on the results, we evaluate the benefits of using such a 3D data fusion method that integrates omnidirectional images with vector-based topological data models based on IndoorGML for providing indoor LBS in built environments.

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“…They define three new LODs (1.5 with storeys, 2.5 with indoor buildings parts and 3.5 with apartments) that complement the standard LODs 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Kang and Lee (2014) propose four LOD representations for indoor spatial data, ranging from floor blueprints (e.g. for indoor navigation) to architecturally detailed representations suited for indoor facility management.…”

Section: Indoor Models With Lower-than-lod4 Detailmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatically enhancing CityGML LOD2 models with a corresponding indoor geometry

Boeters

Ohori

Biljecki

et al. 2015

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

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The international standard CityGML defines five levels of detail (LODs) for 3D city models, but only the highest of these (LOD4) supports modelling the indoor geometry of a building, which must be acquired in correspondingly high detail and therefore at a high cost. Whereas simple 3D city models of the exterior of buildings (e.g. CityGML LOD2) can be generated largely automatically, and are thus now widely available and have a great variety of applications, similarly simple models containing their indoor geometries are rare.In this paper we present two contributions: (i) the definition of a level of detail LOD2+, which extends the CityGML LOD2 specification with indoor building geometries of comparable complexity to their exterior geometries in LOD2; and more importantly (ii) a method for automatically generating such indoor geometries based on existing CityGML LOD2 exterior geometries. We validate our method by generating LOD2+ models for a subset of the Rotterdam 3D data set and visually comparing these models to their real counterparts in building blueprints and imagery from Google Street View and Bing Maps. Furthermore, we use the LOD2+ models to compute the net internal area of each dwelling and validate our results by comparing these values to the ones registered in official government data sets.

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A Study on the LOD(Level of Detail) Model for Applications based on Indoor Space Data

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Development of an Omnidirectional-Image-Based Data Model through Extending the IndoorGML Concept to an Indoor Patrol Service

Automatically enhancing CityGML LOD2 models with a corresponding indoor geometry

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