A Study on the Flame-Retardant Performance of Recycled Paper Building Materials Manufactured by 3D Printer

Hwang, Jeo; Park, Dongin; Kim, Subin; Rie, Dong-Ho

doi:10.3390/su14084798

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A study by Acuña et al confirmed that the size of the expanded graphite particles creates a char barrier that reduces the heat flux, which also reduces the amount of smoke produced [ 24 ]. The study of Hwang et al also showed that the use of ceramic binders reduced the size of the flame in ISO-11925 [ 25 ] (single-flame source test), showing that it prevents the spread of flame to the flame-retardant material [ 26 ]. Previous studies have confirmed that the most important factors affecting toxicity are related to the formation of a protective film and the amount of smoke generated, as in this study, and experimental results on smoke components have also demonstrated the effect of reducing the toxicity index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame-Retardant Plate through the Hot-Press Method

Hwang,

Park,

Rie

2023

Polymers

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This study focuses on the increased risk of high heat release and asphyxiation (toxic gas poisoning) in the event of a fire involving polyurethane (PU)- and MDF-based building materials, which are commonly used in buildings. Among them, polyurethane (PU) building materials are very commonly used in buildings, except in Europe and some other countries, due to their excellent thermal insulation performance. Still, problems of short-term heat release and the spread of toxic gases in the event of a fire continue to occur. To overcome these problems, researchers are actively working on introducing various flame retardants into building materials. Therefore, in this study, we produced a laboratory-sized (500 mm × 500 mm) plate-like flame-retardant board that can be utilized as a building material with a lower heat release rate and a lower toxicity index. The material was made by mixing expanded graphite and ceramic binder as flame retardants in a material that is formulated based on the cellulose of waste paper, replacing the existing building materials with a hot-press method. According to the ISO-5660-1 test on the heat release rate of the plate-like flame-retardant board, the Total Heat Release (THR) value was 2.9 (MJ/m2) for 10 min, showing an effect of reducing the THR value by 36.3 (MJ/m2) compared to the THR value of 39.2 (MJ/m2) of the specimen made using only paper. In addition, the toxicity index of the flame-retardant board was checked through the NES (Naval Engineering Standards)-713 test. As a result, the test specimen showed a toxicity index of 0.7, which is 2.4 lower than the toxicity index of 3.1 of MDF, which is utilized as a conventional building material. Based on the results of this study, the cellulose fire-retardant board showed the effect of reducing the heat release rate and toxicity index of building materials in a building fire, which reduces the risk of rapid heat spread and smoke toxicity. This has the potential to improve the evacuation time (A-SET) of evacuees in fires. It is also important to show that recycling waste paper and utilizing it as the main material for building materials can be an alternative in terms of sustainable development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame-Retardant Plate through the Hot-Press Method

Hwang,

Park,

Rie

2023

Polymers

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A study by Acuña et al confirmed that the size of the expanded graphite particles creates a char barrier that reduces the heat flux, which also reduces the amount of smoke produced [24]. The study of Hwang et al also showed that the use of ceramic binders reduced the size of the flame in ISO-11925 [25] (single-flame source test), showing that it prevents the spread of flame to the flame-retardant material [26]. Previous studies have confirmed that the most important factors affecting toxicity are related to the formation of a protective film and the amount of smoke generated, as in this study, and experi-…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame- retardant Plate by Hot-press Method

Hwang,

Park,

Rie

2023

Preprint

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This study focuses on the increased risk of high heat release and asphyxiation (toxic gas poisoning) in the event of a fire of polyurethane (PU) and MDF-based building materials, which are commonly used in building fires. Among them, polyurethane (PU) building materials are essential for buildings except in Europe and some other countries due to their excellent thermal insulation performance, but problems of short-term heat release and spread of toxic gases in the event of a fire continue to occur. To overcome these problems, researchers are actively working on introducing various flame retardants into building materials. Therefore, in this study, we produced a laboratory-sized (500mm*500mm) plate flame retardant board that can be utilized as a building material with a lower heat release rate and a lower toxicity index by mixing expanded graphite and ceramic binder as flame retardants in a main material based on the cellulose of waste paper by replacing the existing building materials with a hot-press method. According to the ISO-5660-1 test on the heat release rate of the plate flame retardant board, the THR value was 2.9 (MJ/m2) for 10 minutes, showing an effect of reducing the THR value by 36.3 (MJ/m2) compared to the THR value of 39.2 (MJ/m2) of the specimen made using only paper. In addition, the toxicity index of the flame retardant board was checked through the NES 713 test. As a result, the test specimen showed a toxicity index of 0.7, which is 2.4 lower than the toxicity index of 3.1 of MDF, which is utilized as a conventional building material. Based on the results of this study, the cellulose fire retardant board showed the effect of reducing the heat release rate and toxicity index of building materials in a building fire, which reduces the risk of rapid heat spread and smoke toxicity. This has the potential to improve the evacuation time (A-SET) of evacuees in fires. It is also important to show that recycling waste paper and utilizing it as the main material for building materials can be an alternative in terms of sustainable development.

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Fire performance, toxicity, and thermal diffusivity of wastepaper mixed with magnesium hydroxide, depending on the particle size of expandable graphite

Ahn,

Park,

Kim

et al. 2023

Cellulose

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As the construction of high-rise buildings increases to solve residential spaces caused by high density population concentration, the occurrence of fire accidents in high-rise buildings is also increasing. The primary cause of fire damage in high-rise buildings is the spread of fire caused by exterior wall finishes. Therefore, it is essential to develop semi-non-combustible finishes that can be applied to high-rise buildings to prevent the spread of fire due to exterior wall finishes. To address this issue, numerous studies are being conducted to develop flame retardant finishing materials that reduce heat release rate and total heat release. A double flame retardant mixed waste paper with expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide was manufactured to improve the fire performance of cellulose building finishing materials. Total heat release (THR), CO, and CO2 Generation changes were measured using a cone calorimeter, and thermal diffusion rate was measured through the LFA 1000 experiment. The correlation of total heat release, CO generation, CO2 generation, and mass reduction rate by variation of expandable graphite's mesh size at double flame-retardant waste paper were secured through a cone calorimeter test. The thermal diffusion rate data of the specimen were secured through the LFA 1000 experiment. Through experiments, it has been confirmed that specimens using specific expandable graphite particles can be utilized as fire-resistant finishing materials in construction, ensuring fire resistance performance.

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A Study on the Flame-Retardant Performance of Recycled Paper Building Materials Manufactured by 3D Printer

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame-Retardant Plate through the Hot-Press Method

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame-Retardant Plate through the Hot-Press Method

Manufacture and Combustion Characteristics of Cellulose Flame- retardant Plate by Hot-press Method

Fire performance, toxicity, and thermal diffusivity of wastepaper mixed with magnesium hydroxide, depending on the particle size of expandable graphite

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