“…Because DL consists of a number of complex concepts, various studies have been conducted to measure it objectively and consistently. Many scholars are developing conceptualisation and measurement tools for DL in the educational context (Heo and Chung, 2011;Kang et al, 2014;Ok et al, 2016;Yang and Kim, 2016;Park, 2018). In addition, because it varies greatly between age groups (Nikou et al, 2020), research has assessed the DL of age groups such as children, teenagers, college students, and middle-aged people (Lee, 2007;Kwon and Hyun, 2014;Yi et al, 2020).…”