A Study on the Classification of a Mirror Entry in the European List of Waste: Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste

Bandarra, Beatriz S.; Silva, Sónia; Pereira, Joana Luísa; Martins, Rui C.; Quina, Margarida J.

doi:10.3390/su141610352

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It is evident from the chemical content value of bottom ash residential waste that it is higher than coal waste. Fundamentally, post-combustion treatments, storage methods, and operational process factors determine the content of the Bottom ash compound (Sales Bandarra et al, 2021). .3 -10.38 4.3 -5.50 (Source: Ghozali & Wardhono, 2018;Kennedy, 2019;Laila & Risdianto, 2018;Malaiškienė et al, 2023;Maldonado-Alameda et al, 2020;Shen et al, 2021) Compressive strength is a crucial physical property for paving blocks to meet quality requirements in SNI 03-0691-1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization bottom ash from incinerator become paving block

Ismail,

Maulida

2024

JIMESE

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Bottom ash incinerator produced by PT. X from various waste from production tenant activities has physical characteristics like cement, so it possible to use it as a substitute for cement in paving block mixtures. This utilization aims to determine the effect of using bottom ash on paving blocks according to the compressive strength and water absorption parameter. The composition of cement, and bottom ash in making paving block was varied in this experiment, for amount of sand and water used were same. Drying process for the paving block took 28 days. The bottom ash replace cement by 0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent and 15 percent respectively, and two replications done for measurement. The quality of paving block was test based on the SNI 03-0619-1996 to determine the level of quality of paving block. The results of this study indicate that the treatment used were significance different based on compressive strength but were not significance different based on water absorption parameter. The substitution of bottom ash in paving blocks based on compressive strength, for treatment C (with 10 percent bottom ash) complied with quality B and treatment D (with 15 percent bottom ash) complied with quality D of paving block standard. Based on water absorption parameter all treatment complied with quality B and D (treatment A, B, and D complied with quality D and treatment C complied with B quality). By considering booth parameter, treatment C (with 10 percent bottom ash) complied with B quality and treatment D (with 15 percent bottom ash) complied with D quality. Other finding from these research showed at least 10 percent bottom ash from incinerator replaced cement used in making paving block.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization bottom ash from incinerator become paving block

Ismail,

Maulida

2024

JIMESE

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“…Therefore, an additional hazardous or non-hazardous character assessment is not necessary for AH and ANH types of waste. For the absolutely hazardous (AH) and absolutely non-hazardous (ANH) types of waste, inclusion in the List of Wastes is evident; however, for waste with "mirror entry" codes, an evaluation of the hazardous properties HP1-HP15 is necessary [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This evaluation involves a set of complex theoretical and experimental investigations [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing the Hazardousness of Waste Categorized in the European Union Legislation as “Mirror Entries”—Case Studies

Kim,

Cuciureanu,

Pascu

et al. 2023

Environments

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In the European Union List of Wastes, the category of “mirror entry” waste refers to either hazardous or non-hazardous waste, depending on their composition and specificity. Classifying waste as hazardous or non-hazardous is essential because it influences the feasibility and economic viability of subsequent management methods. Thus, waste classification represents a challenge both for the scientific community and for the producers/holders of waste. The methodology presented in this paper describes the stages that are the basis for evaluating the dangerousness of “mirror entry” waste and the potential factors that influence the evaluation process. Three case studies that represented three types of industrial waste were selected: waste from the non-metallic minerals industry (W1), waste from glass manufacturing (W2), and waste from the iron and steel industry (W3). The case studies were characterized and evaluated according to hazardous properties and the assignment of a waste code. The W1 and W2 waste samples did not present the hazardous properties HP1–HP15 and were included in the non-hazardous waste list. The W3 waste sample exhibited five dangerous properties and was classified as hazardous waste. The assessed wastes maintain the classifications as long as there are no changes in the technological process generation and in their composition.

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“…MSWI BA is classified as general solid waste in China and has little impact on the environment, which provides a certain technical guarantee for its resource utilization [ 5 , 6 ]. MSWI BA contains cement clinker minerals, active SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 [ 7 ], which have certain gelling activity, can take place in hydration reaction and pozzolanic reaction [ 8 ], as well as contributes to the improvement of the cohesion of materials [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Pavement Performance of Cement-Stabilized Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Base

Shi

Sun

et al. 2022

Materials

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In order to clarify the influence of the municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) content on the pavement performance of the cement-stabilized macadam, the MSWI BA with 0%, 25%, 38% and 50% content was used instead of fine aggregates. To explore the feasibility of building pavement base with cement stabilized MSWI BA, the cement-stabilized MSWI BA mixture was prepared by mixing the MSWI BA at the mass fraction of 50%, 75% and 100% with fine crushed stuff. Subsequently, the compaction test and 7 days unconfined compression test were conducted with 4%, 5% and 6% cement dosage. The compaction test, unconfined compressive strength test, splitting strength test, compressive resilient modulus test and frost resistance tests were carried out based on the long-age samples with an optimal cement dosage of 5%. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive constitutive model was established based on the test data. Afterwards, the test road was built to measure the practical effect of MSWI BA on road construction. Meanwhile, energy-saving and emission-reduction analyses were conducted on the MSWI BA road. The results showed that under 5% cement dosage, the mechanical properties and frost resistance of the mixture with different MSWI BA content both satisfied the specification requirements; during the construction, the appropriate MSWI BA content could be selected according to the requirements of different highway grades in the specification. The established segmented constitutive model could well simulate the stress–strain relationship of the mixture in the compressive process. Using cement-stabilized MSWI BA to build the pavement base was feasible, which provided not only an important reference for the engineering design but also had positive significance for promoting carbon peaking, carbon neutrality and sustainable development of highway engineering construction.

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A Study on the Classification of a Mirror Entry in the European List of Waste: Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Utilization bottom ash from incinerator become paving block

Utilization bottom ash from incinerator become paving block

A Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing the Hazardousness of Waste Categorized in the European Union Legislation as “Mirror Entries”—Case Studies

Research on Pavement Performance of Cement-Stabilized Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Base

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