“…This performance measure is highly regarded because having a lower number of relocations, empirically, implies a lower operational cost to retrieve all containers from the bay. With regard to this, optimal approaches can be found in [4,12,17,24,33,36,39,40], and near-optimal approaches in [3,14,16,25,26,42,43] to tackle larger instances. Optimal approaches guarantee optimal solutions, but because of the NP-hardness of the CRP, the size of the problem instances that such approaches can solve is very reduced when compared to near-optimal approaches, where near-optimal solutions are pursued.…”