A Study on Sustainable Concrete with Partial Substitution of Cement with Red Mud: A Review

Abstract

Every year, millions of tons of red mud (RDM) are created across the globe. Its storage is a major environmental issue due to its high basicity and tendency for leaching. This material is often kept in dams, necessitating previous attention to the disposal location, as well as monitoring and maintenance during its useful life. As a result, it is critical to develop an industrial solution capable of consuming large quantities of this substance. Many academics have worked for decades to create different cost-effective methods for using RMD. One of the most cost-effective methods is to use RMD in cement manufacture, which is also an effective approach for large-scale RMD recycling. This article gives an overview of the use of RMD in concrete manufacturing. Other researchers’ backgrounds were considered and examined based on fresh characteristics, mechanical properties, durability, microstructure analysis, and environmental impact analysis. The results show that RMD enhanced the mechanical properties and durability of concrete while reducing its fluidity. Furthermore, by integrating 25% of RDM, the environmental consequences of cumulative energy demand (CED), global warming potential (GWP), and major criteria air pollutants (CO, NOX, Pb, and SO2) were minimized. In addition, the review assesses future researcher guidelines for concrete with RDM to improve performance.

Corrosion Activity of Stainless Steel SS430 and Carbon Steel B450C in a Sodium Silicate Modified Limestone-Portland Cement Extract

“…In the meantime, the Rp of carbon steel B450C was ≈32 times lower in magnitude, and its initial value for the passive layer thickness of ≈0.1 nm tended to disappear. (7) The greater values of the passive layer thickness formed on SS430 and B450C steels during their exposure to the PC extract solution (previously reported) were ascribed to the more alkaline pH of that extract solution due to the higher content of Ca 2+ (in the absence of chloride ions), which was closely related to the greater Rp values of both steels compared to those obtained for the super sulfated (SS1) and sodium silicate modified limestone-Portland cement extract (JLSC1). (8) The reported results indicated that the change in time of pH and the free corrosion potential (OCP) values were decisively dependent on the cement composition and that of the ions' presence in the extract solution.…”

“…The two of the most common alternative types of cement include: (a) blended cement, in which PC is partially replaced by one or more supplementary cementitious materials (limestone, blast furnace slag, fly ash, calcinated clays, natural pozzolan, waste glass, etc.) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]; and (b) alkali-activated cement (AAC), based on the reaction of a precursor (i.e., the supplementary cementitious materials referred above, limestone, etc.) and alkaline activators (alkali silicates and/or hydroxides) [ 11 ].…”

Investigation on Properties and Heavy Metal Ion Extraction of Thermally Activated Red Mud Incorporated Cement Mortar

“…The characteristic studies conclude that red mud reacting with water molecules releases OHions contributing to high pH. With suitable treatment methods, red mud can be converted into cementitious material and used in the construction industry [1]. As per the studies, red mud calcined…”

Study on microstructural and mechanical properties of cementitious materials composed of fly ash and dacite powder

“…Therefore, it is urgent to find alternative materials or materials that can partially replace fly ash. (Al-Hashem et al, 2022) proposed using metakaolin as a substitute material for cement and conducted research on its mechanics and durability, suggesting that metakaolin may be a potential substitute material for concrete (Qureshi et al, 2022).…”