A study on pathogenesis of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens

Olkowski, A. A.; Wojnarowicz, Chris; Nain, S.; Ling, Binbing; Alcorn, Jane; Laarveld, B.

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.08.006

Cited by 60 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Furthermore, the factor that mediates the neuroprotective effect of pineal ALLO in Purkinje cells was investigated. Parasagittal cerebellar sections of chicks at P3, P5, and P7 were analyzed by IHC with an antibody against cleaved caspase-3, a key protease in the apoptotic pathway (23)(24)(25), and by TUNEL to detect apoptotic cells as described previously (22). Details are described in SI Materials and Methods.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, we investigated the factor that mediates the neuroprotective effect of pineal ALLO in Purkinje cells. It is well known that caspase-3 plays an important role in Purkinje cell death in vertebrates (23,24). Caspase-3 is a crucial mediator of apoptosis (23), including in birds (24,25).…”

Section: Pineal Allo Reaches the Adjacent Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that caspase-3 plays an important role in Purkinje cell death in vertebrates (23,24). Caspase-3 is a crucial mediator of apoptosis (23), including in birds (24,25). Accordingly, the expression of caspase-3 and the fragmentation of nuclear DNA were analyzed in Px quail chicks and Px plus ALLO-administrated quail chicks from P3 to P7.…”

Section: Pineal Allo Reaches the Adjacent Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible role of pineal allopregnanolone in Purkinje cell survival

Haraguchi

Hara

Ubuka

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

177

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It is believed that neurosteroids are produced in the brain and other nervous systems. Here, we show that allopregnanolone (ALLO), a neurosteroid, is exceedingly produced in the pineal gland compared with the brain and that pineal ALLO acts on the Purkinje cell, a principal cerebellar neuron, to prevent apoptosis in the juvenile quail. We first demonstrated that the pineal gland is a major organ of neurosteroidogenesis. A series of experiments using molecular and biochemical techniques has further demonstrated that the pineal gland produces a variety of neurosteroids de novo from cholesterol in the juvenile quail. Importantly, ALLO was far more actively produced in the pineal gland than in the brain. Pinealectomy (Px) decreased ALLO concentration in the cerebellum and induced apoptosis of Purkinje cells, whereas administration of ALLO to Px quail chicks prevented apoptosis of Purkinje cells. We further found that Px significantly increased the number of Purkinje cells that expressed active caspase-3, a key protease in apoptotic pathway, and daily injection of ALLO to Px quail chicks decreased the number of Purkinje cells expressing active caspase-3. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of pineal ALLO is associated with the decrease in caspase-3 activity during the early stage of neuronal development. We thus provide evidence that the pineal gland is an important neurosteroidogenic organ and that pineal ALLO may be involved in Purkinje cell survival during development. This is an important function of the pineal gland in the formation of neuronal circuits in the developing cerebellum.steroid | melatonin | HPLC | gas chromatography/mass spectrometry T he cerebellar cortex has been used as an excellent model to study synaptic formation and transmission of neural networks because it forms relatively simple neuronal networks compared with those of other brain regions. The Purkinje cell is a principal cerebellar neuron that integrates the process of memory and learning. It is known that in birds and mammals pinealectomy (Px) induces cell loss in the brain including Purkinje cells during development (1, 2). This observation suggests that a certain component(s) in the pineal gland contributes to Purkinje cell survival during development.It is now established that steroids can be synthesized de novo in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Such steroids are called "neurosteroids," and de novo neurosteroidogenesis from cholesterol is a conserved property of the vertebrate brain (for reviews, see refs. 3-7). The Purkinje cell is known as a site of neurosteroidogenesis in the brain (for review, see ref. 8). This cerebellar neuron produces progesterone (PROG) and estradiol-17β (E2) de novo from cholesterol during neonatal life, when cerebellar neuronal circuit formation occurs. Both PROG and E2 promote dendritic growth, spinogenesis, and synaptogenesis via each cognate nuclear receptor in the developing Purkinje cell (9-11). Allopregnanolone (ALLO; 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone), a progesterone metabol...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pineal Allo Reaches the Adjacent Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pineal Allo Reaches the Adjacent Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Possible role of pineal allopregnanolone in Purkinje cell survival

Haraguchi

Hara

Ubuka

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

177

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“…The early-life fast growth rate is accompanied by a number of problems, such as incidence of metabolic disorders and incidence of skeletal diseases (Olkowski et al, 2008). These situations most commonly occur with broilers that consume feed ad libitum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone and Blood Metabolites Concentrations of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Feeding Time Restriction

Azis¹,

Abbas²,

Heryandi³

et al. 2012

Med Pet

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pembatasan waktu makan terhadap konsentrasi hormon tiroid dan metabolit darah ayam broiler selama periode pembatasan dan pemulihan. Sebanyak 400 ekor ayam broiler unsexed strain Lohmann umur 7 hari ditempatkan pada 5 perlakuan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan dianalisa menggunakan ANOVA. Perlakuan terdiri atas: ransum yang diberikan ad libitum (R-0); ransum yang disediakan 2 jam pada pagi hari dari pukul 08:00-10:00 dan 2 jam pada sore hari dari pukul 16:00-18:00 dari umur 7 hingga 14 hari (R-1) dan umur 7 hingga 21 hari (R-2); ransum disediakan 4 jam pada pagi hari dari pukul 08:00-12:00 dan 4 jam pada sore hari dari pukul 16:00-20:00 dari umur 7 hingga 14 hari (R-3) dan umur 7 hingga 21 hari (R-4). Setiap perlakuan memiliki ulangan sebanyak 4 dengan jumlah ayam sebanyak 20 ekor/unit. Konsentrasi hormon tiroid dan plasma albumin pada R-2 dan R-4 lebih rendah (P<0,05) daripada R-0 selama pembatasan waktu makan dari umur 7 hingga 21 hari. Konsentrasi hormon tiroid dan metabolit darah tidak berbeda nyata diantara semua perlakuan selama periode pemulihan dari umur 21 hingga 42 hari. Disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi hormon tiroid triiodotironin dan tiroksin (T 3 dan T 4 ) dan plasma metabolit darah (albumin) menurun selama pengaturan waktu makan 4 dan 8 jam/hari dari umur 7 hingga 21 hari, akan tetapi, kondisi demikian kembali normal selama periode pemulihan. Kata kunci: broiler, hormon tiroid, metabolit darah, pengaturan waktu makan ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding time restriction on thyroid hormone and blood metabolites concentration of broiler chickens during feed restriction and realimentation period. Four hundred of 7 days-old unsexed broiler chicken of Lohmann commercial strain were arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and analyzed based on ANOVA. The treatments were: chicks fed ad libitum as a control treatment (R-0); chicks had free access to feed during two periods of 2 h (08:00-10:00 and 16:00-18:00) from 7-14 d of age (R-1) and 7-21 d of age (R-2); chicks had free access to feed during two periods of 4 h (08:00-12:00 and 16:00-20:00) from 7-14 d of age (R-3) and 7-21 d of age (R-4). The treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 20 chicks each. During feeding time restriction from 7 to 21 d of age, thyroid hormone and albumin plasma concentration of R-2 and R-4 were lower (P<0.05) than R-0. There were no statistical differences among the treatments on thyroid hormone and blood metabolites during realimentation period from 21 to 42 d of age. It is concluded that thyroid hormone triiodothrionine and thyroxine (T 3 and T 4 ) and blood metabolite (albumin) decreased during feeding time restriction for 4 and 8 h per d from 7 to 21 d of age and it returns to normal during realimentation period.

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“…Kittelsen et al (2015a) identified that 36% of the mortalities that occurred during the 3 days before transport could be attributed to sudden death syndrome, 18% to ascites, and 28% to endocarditis. Sudden death syndrome is thought to arise from acute heart failure following ventricular arrhythmias that can be precipitated by stressors (Olkowski 2007;Olkowski et al 2008). In Norway, in 2012/2013, postmortem examinations of broilers that (a) died in the barn within 3 days of transportation to slaughter and (b) were DOA at the processing plant (Kittelsen et al 2015a) showed that lung congestion in DOAs (57% of DOAs) was more prevalent than in broilers that died on the farm (38% of the deaths on-farm during the 3 days before transport).…”

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confidence: 99%

Injury and mortality in broilers during handling and transport to slaughter

Cockram

Dulal

2018

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Multiple factors affect the risk of broiler injury and mortality during loading, transport, and lairage. These include the physical and pathophysiological condition of broilers before loading and the type of handling procedures used. The external environmental conditions have a major influence on the risk of mortality. Combinations of high stocking density, insufficient ventilation, and high temperature and humidity pose a risk of hyperthermia. Combinations of wet conditions, cold temperature, and air movement, increase the risk of hypothermia. However, protection from cold and wet conditions involves the use of side protection that restricts the trailer ventilation that can cause heat and moisture to build up in the load, increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Modular systems reduce the risk of injury and facilitate unloading into a lairage where temperature and ventilation can be controlled. The duration of loading, transport, and lairage increases the mortality risk. Deaths can occur during each stage and interactions between the duration of the preslaughter stages, the thermal environment, fasting, ill-health, and injury can reduce the physiological capacity of the birds to maintain homoeostasis resulting in exhaustion and death. Quality control and action on the identified risk factors should reduce injury and mortality during preslaughter handling and transport.

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A study on pathogenesis of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens

Cited by 60 publications

References 27 publications

Possible role of pineal allopregnanolone in Purkinje cell survival

Possible role of pineal allopregnanolone in Purkinje cell survival

Thyroid Hormone and Blood Metabolites Concentrations of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Feeding Time Restriction

Injury and mortality in broilers during handling and transport to slaughter

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