A study on nutritional intakes in middle income adults based on data from the 5^thKorean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

A total of 7,082 adults aged from 30 to 64 were included and classified according to household income level into three groups. Dietary data was collected using 24-hr recall methods. Results: Most nutrients including energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals such as iron and calcium differed according to income levels. Iron intake of middle-class men was higher than that of the lowest income group, whereas that of middle-class women was similar to that of the lowest income group. In addition, no significant difference in carbohydrate, protein, fat, thiamin, and niacin intakes per 1,000 kcal and iron intake was found between the middle and high income group only in male subjects. In summary, our results showed that the relationship between nutritional status and income level as a socioeconomic parameter could vary according to gender difference. Conclusion: According to our results, it could be suggested that not only the lowest income people but also middle class women should be concerned in development of nutritional policies. Gender difference should be considered. It is a very meaningful implication for application to policy for obesity prevention or intervention.

Low serum total CO2 and its association with mortality in patients being followed up in the nephrology outpatients clinic

“…The main objective of this study was to determine whether the single measurement of TCO 2 level affected the clinical outcomes in patients with ambulatory care in out-patients clinic, whose diet patterns were thought to be less acidic than that of their Western counterparts. According to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data 27 , 28 , regional differences were noted in meat intake between urban and rural areas. These differences in animal-based acidic diet pattern were likely related to the rate of dietary acid loading, causing eubicarbonatic H + retention without overt metabolic acidosis 13 – 15 .…”