“…Researchers from Australia, Canada, Japan, and Sweden have also carried out numerical and experimental studies into the responses of prestressed concrete sleepers under impact load, in order to develop the limit states design approach (Wang, 1996;Wakui and Okuda, 1997;Kaewunruen, 2007). Fatigue properties of materials, such as concrete, reinforced steel, and prestressed steel, under fatigue loading are well established (Hanson et al, 1974;CEB-FIP, 1988; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1989;CEB-FIP M 90, 1993;EC2, 2005;AS3600, 2009;Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2010).…”