A study on cashew nut shell liquid as a bio-based flow improver for heavy crude oil

Abstract

Transportation of heavy crude oil through pipelines poses a great challenge in oil and gas industry. Crude oil chokes the pipelines when the temperature drops below the pour-point temperature. In the present study, a bio-based additive, i.e., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been tested as a flow improver for heavy crude. CNSL was obtained from waste cashew nut shell by means of mechanical extraction, and it was completely characterized. Similarly, the crude oil used in the study was characterized for its physio-chemical properties. Also, the crude oil was subjected to Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The raw and additive-treated crude oil with different CNSL dosages were subjected to pour-point and rheology measurements and optical micro-imaging analysis which indicated a remarkable improvement in flow whereby an optimum dose of 2000 ppm was observed. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters like shear rate, concentration of the flow improver and the effect of temperature on the crude oil flowability were studied. The process variables were optimized by means of Taguchi method, and the percentage contribution of each parameter was identified with the help of ANOVA table. The results indicate that a remarkable improvement in flow was observed at an optimum dose of 2000 ppm. The contribution of the concentration was found to be around 53%, whereas the contributions of the shear rate and the temperature were only 18.08 and 28.91%, respectively. Therefore, it has been observed that CNSL flow improvers extracted from cheap reasonable resources are more effective as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to conventional additives.

Evaluation of modified cashew nutshell liquid as natural surfactants for chemical flooding in sandstone oil reservoirs

“…CNSL is a low cost, effective, renewable, and technologically significant raw material suitable as a replacement for synthetic phenols in various industries [18]. In the oil and gas industry, cashew nutshell liquid and its derivatives have been found to be good corrosion inhibitors and flow improvers for waxy and heavy crude oil [7,12,31]. Polyethylene glycol and diethanolamine esters of natural cashew nutshell liquid as well as formaldehyde-novolac resins of distilled cashew nutshell liquid were effective as crude oil wax dispersants/inhibitors and pour point depressants [8,9,17,18] reported the extensive use of cardanol and cardol and their derivatives as additives for the production of surfactants, resins, and polymers.…”