A Study on Behavior of Inorganic Impurities in Water-tree

Kumazawa, T.; Nakagawa, Wataru; Tsurumaru, Hidekazu

doi:10.1541/ieejfms.124.827

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Using the relations (35) and (36), we obtain finally the expression for δN 0 /N 0 as given in Eq. (38):…”

Section: (I) 137 55 Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdD x alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiH x , AuH x ) and deuterides (e.g. PdD x , TiD x ), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HC x ) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.

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“…Using the relations (35) and (36), we obtain finally the expression for δN 0 /N 0 as given in Eq. (38):…”

Section: (I) 137 55 Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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“…Actually, one cannot rule out the possibility that oxidation products observed near water trees were generated secondarily, according to some mechanism (reactions) of XLPE destruction not involving oxygen. Consequently, we investigated the behavior of inorganic impurities in water trees, determined the significant variation of particular metals and isotopic compositions, and assumed the possibility of unknown reactions involving metal ions . In addition, we reported the detection of weak X/γ radiation in submersion experiments with XLPE samples .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Participation of Oxygen in the Generation and Progression of Bow‐Tie Trees

Kumazawa

Morinaga²

2014

Electrical Engineering Japan

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SUMMARY Bow‐tie trees (BTTs) generated by microscopic contaminants or voids in insulators of cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables still remain a factor contributing to deterioration. It has been reported that redox reactions of ions diffusing in XLPE lead to molecular chain cleavage. In such an electrochemical mechanism, the participation of oxygen in addition to ions is suspected. In order to examine the influence of oxygen on BTT generation and progress, we performed various experiments controlling oxygen gas by vacuum degassing, a gas barrier film, and so on. The number of BTTs and the maximum BTT length of XLPE samples aged at 60 °C increased with the water content. However, several of the data deviated significantly from these relationships. These results indicate that BTT generation and progression were promoted by vacuum degassing and inhibited by wrapping the samples with a gas barrier film or bubbling air through tap water to immerse the samples. On the whole, the behavior of BTT generation toward supplying or shielding of oxygen was not consistent. The experimental results can be qualitatively explained by diffusion or permeation of ions and water rather than oxygen gas, and thus oxygen seems not to be directly associated with BTT generation and progress.

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Influence of water and ion diffusion on generation and progress of bow‐tie tree

Kumazawa

Nakagawa²,

Tsurumaru³

2007

Electrical Engineering Japan

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SUMMARYBow-tie tree (BTT) generated from contaminant, such as metal, carbon, amber (overcured resin) or void is a deterioration factor of XLPE cable. In particular, BTT in contact with inner or outer semiconductive shield could significantly lower residual AC breakdown voltage of HV power cables. To evaluate the influence of water and ion diffusion on generation and progress of BTT, we investigated the relationship between water content of XLPE and the generation of BTT under various accelerated aging conditions. The number of BTT in XLPE samples with accelerated aging under the open condition, involving evaporation of water in which samples were immersed, was very large compared with the closed condition. Furthermore, when samples were intermittently immersed in water, the number of BTT in samples was large compared with samples immersed continuously. In these experiments the generation of BTT seemed to have nothing to do with changes in water content before and after accelerated aging. Therefore, it was suggested that diffusion of ions rather than water in XLPE played an important role in the generation of BTT.

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A Study on Behavior of Inorganic Impurities in Water-tree

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Low Participation of Oxygen in the Generation and Progression of Bow‐Tie Trees

Influence of water and ion diffusion on generation and progress of bow‐tie tree

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