A study of umbilical cord encirclement

Horwitz, S.Theodore; Finn, William F.; Mastrota, Vincent F.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(64)90069-9

Cited by 16 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…At later analysis of his data, Crawford (1964) concluded that the incidence of nuchal cords rises steeply after 38 weeks' gestation, perhaps secondary to greater fetal activity or because of decreasing amniotic fluid volume. A somewhat similar incidence of nuchal cords and its complications was found by Kan and Eastman (1957) (one coil 20.6%, two coils 2.5%, three coils 0.5%), Reiss (1964), Horwitz et al (1964), and others. McCurdy et al (1994) were able to identify the presence of nuchal cords so no graphically , confirming other radiologists' impressions.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

Anatomy and Pathology of the Umbilical Cord and Major Fetal Vessels

Benirschke

Kaufmann

1995

Pathology of the Human Placenta

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Anatomy and Pathology of the Umbilical Cord and Major Fetal Vessels

Benirschke

Kaufmann

1995

Pathology of the Human Placenta

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“…The importance of true knot of the umbilical cord is considered by many authors as being insignificant [36,39,40], or even beneficial, i.e., some studies show that survival rates found in babies with true knot of umbilical cord were higher than in those without it [2,41]. However, in most of these series, the real frequency of true knot of umbilical cord is poorly documented [42].…”

Section: Consequences For the Fetus And Newbornmentioning

confidence: 99%

True Knot of Umbilical Cord: A Diagnosis and Prognostic Challenge

Pai¹

2014

BJMMR

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Introduction: True knot of the umbilical cord is characterized by a cord loop with increased tension and hence higher risk for obstetric and neonatal outcome intervention. It is a finding observed in 1-2% of births. Aim: Review the etiology, physiopathogeny, diagnosis and prognosis of true knot of the umbilical cord. Methodology: We carried out a review searching for scientific articles present in the electronic database PubMed, using the descriptors "true knot", "umbilical cord", "Doppler sonography" and "prenatal diagnosis". Articles published until 2013 were included in the review. Discussion: True knot of the umbilical cord is a relatively common finding at birth. However, its diagnosis in uterus is still quite rare. Several factors have been related to its etiology, including the size of the umbilical cord. Its appearance occurs mostly between 9 and 28 weeks of gestation, in the fetal period of greater mobility. The major part of the true knot of the umbilical cord is not associated to an increased risk of obstetric intervention and neonatal outcomes because most are loose. However, the true knots can tighten during pregnancy due to fetal movement or during labor, leading to reduced blood flow and consequent fetal asphyxia and death. As a result, the close monitoring of pregnancy in cases of true knot of umbilical cord is required. The prenatal diagnosis of a true knot of the umbilical cord can be a challenge. Sonographic complementary techniques, including color Doppler and Dopplervelocimetry can improve the detection rate and help to differentiate true from false knots. And this has important implications for the management and prognosis of pregnancy, besides consequences for the fetus and newborn.

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