A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil

Miranda, F.J.; Pinto, O.; Saba, Marcelo M. F.

doi:10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00313-9

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The histogram of return stroke order indicates that there is no systematic time variation patterns of interstroke interval from one stroke to the subsequent stroke, as shown in Table 3. The same results also reported by Miranda et al, [19] and Baharuddin et al, [16]. The interstroke interval is also related to the distance between strike points.…”

Section: B2 Interstroke Intervalsupporting

confidence: 87%

Some Characteristics of Multiple Stroke Negative Cloud to Ground Lightning Flashes in Padang

Hazmi¹,

Emeraldi²,

Hamid³

et al. 2016

ijeei

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The characteristics of multiple stroke negative cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes in Padang, Indonesia based on electric field recording were investigated. 100 negative CG lightning flashes containing 623 strokes, recorded from August to October 2014, were examined. It was observed that all first return strokes (RS) negative CG lightning flashes were preceded by preliminary breakdown pulses (PBPs). However, only 40% of the detecable PBP trains could be analyzed statistically on PBP train duration, PBP-RS separation, and PBP/RS ratio, while the detectable leader pulses was 69%. In addition, it was also found that the arithmetic mean (AM) and maximum number of strokes were 5.2 and 18, respectively. The AM and geometric mean (GM) interstroke interval were 55.34 and 34.71 ms, respectively. Furthermore, 2% of the subsequent return stroke (SRS) peak electric fields were larger than those of the first return stroke (RS). The AM and GM ratios of SRS/RS were 0.36 and 0.3, respectively.Keywords: negative cloud to ground, preliminary breakdown, leader, return stroke, interstroke interval, peak electric field ratio IntroductionNegative cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes is the most common type of CG discharges and has thereafter studied by many authors. A CG lightning flash usually contains preliminary breakdown pulses (PBPs) in the cloud and downward stepped leader (SL) propagation followed by the first return stroke (RS). The characteristics of a negative CG could largely be determined by the magnitude of the so called lower positive charge regions (LPCR) [1][2][3][4]. A larger LPCR causes the direction of negative leader propagation to be predominantly horizontal, even though finally the stepped leader propagates toward the ground. Meanwhile, a smaller LPCR causes negative stepped leader propagation to be predominantly vertical [5][6]. The time separation between PBPs and RS is approximately several milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. The generated electric field signature differentiates these processes. Nag and Rakov [5] stated that in negative CG lightning flashes, PBPs may not be detected on the first return stroke when the magnitude of the LPCR is very small. They claimed that CG lightning flashes vary in detectable PBP percentage according to latitude. Higher latitudes have a higher percentage of detectable PBPs than lower latitudes. In contrast, many researchers have argued that the first return stroke always involves PBPs in all negative CG flashes [7][8][9]. Their studies revealed that the detectable PBP percentage does not depend on latitude. A PBP can be detected if the amplitude of the PBP is above the noise level of the environment and electric field change sensors. However, Marshall et al. [9] have stated that they "cannot be certain that detection of PBPs always equals 100%" for all latitudes. In a more recent study, Zhu et al. [10] found that PBP detectability is not only affected by the sensor noise level but also by storm type, RS peak current and observation distance. The diffe...

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Section: B2 Interstroke Intervalsupporting

confidence: 87%

Some Characteristics of Multiple Stroke Negative Cloud to Ground Lightning Flashes in Padang

Hazmi¹,

Emeraldi²,

Hamid³

et al. 2016

ijeei

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“…Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres interval between K-changes range from 8 to 13 ms (Kitagawa & Brook, 1960;Thottappillil et al, 1990). de Miranda et al (2003), meanwhile, measured both K-change intervals and interstroke intervals and estimated geometric mean values of 12 and 69 ms, respectively, in line with the ranges from the previous studies. The spread in the interval times is likely influenced by the speed of K-waves in the lightning channel (Winn et al, 2011).…”

Section: 1029/2018jd028741supporting

confidence: 81%

The Time Evolution of Optical Lightning Flashes

Peterson

Rudlosky

2019

JGR Atmospheres

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The composition and time evolution of lightning are examined using the Lighting Imaging Sensor (LIS). Frame‐by‐frame optical lightning measurements are clustered into features whose radiant energy, horizontal footprint, and timing may be analyzed statistically. A LIS series feature is used to describe distinct periods of near continuous illumination that persists over multiple LIS frames. Series are integrated into the LIS clustering hierarchy between the group and flash level. An average series illuminates 40% of the flash footprint while accounting for 20% of the flash radiance, and just 1% of the flash duration. LIS flashes typically contain optical emissions that are exceptionally radiant and may persist over multiple frames. Series features cluster these bright optical pulses, allowing their number and time separation to be quantified in each flash. This optical multiplicity averages 1.7 for flashes with at least one particularly radiant group. Multigroup series most often occur early in the flash duration with 13% to 18% at first light. Series are typically separated by 100 ms or more in multiseries flashes. Bright series, by contrast, typically occur in rapid succession, with at most a few dozen milliseconds between them. Because series are optical features, they may result from any physical process that produces strong optical emissions. The statistics presented herein support the idea that series may originate from multiple physical processes.

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“…ISUAL also often records events that have a double‐peaked feature in the SP1 and SP5 with a temporal separation of tens of milliseconds. The average interstroke time interval is 69.0 ms for the CG lightning [ de Miranda et al , 2003]. Hence we propose that the event with the individual elves separated by tens of milliseconds could have been induced by the multiple strokes in a lightning flash.…”

Section: Multielves Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ISUAL far‐ultraviolet events, elves, and lightning current

et al. 2010

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[1] The Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings (ISUAL) often recorded events that have significant far-ultraviolet (FUV) emissions in the spectrophotometer but have no discernible transient luminous events (TLEs) in the imager. These FUV events likely are dim TLEs. To confirm the conjecture, lightning emissions were simulated and proved to be completely absorbed by the atmosphere. The FUV emission of the FUV events follows the lightning OI emission within 1 ms, similar to the characteristics of elves. After analyzing the imager-N 2 1P brightness of the elves and their FUV intensity, a linear correlation was found, which is consistent with the work of Kuo et al. (2007). The intensity of the FUV events ranks among the dimmest elves and is less than 1 × 10 4 photons/cm 2 . Combining all the information, the FUV events are identified as dim elves that eluded the detection of the ISUAL imager. Also from the detection limits of the ISUAL spectrophotometer (SP) and the imager, for the before-the-limb elves the detection number of SP is found to be nearly 16 times higher than that of the imager. This result is consistent with a related factor of ∼13 that was inferred from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) peak current distribution for the negative cloud-to-ground lightning. Hence the ISUAL spectrophotometer can be used to perform elve survey, to infer the peak current of the elve-producing lightning, and possibly to be used to deduce other lightning parameters. Evidence is also found for the existence of multielves, which are FUV events from the M-components or the multiple strokes in lightning flashes.

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A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

Some Characteristics of Multiple Stroke Negative Cloud to Ground Lightning Flashes in Padang

Some Characteristics of Multiple Stroke Negative Cloud to Ground Lightning Flashes in Padang

The Time Evolution of Optical Lightning Flashes

ISUAL far‐ultraviolet events, elves, and lightning current

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