A study of the sooting behavior of hydro-processed renewable jet and petroleum jet fuels in a laminar counter-flow flame

Experimental studies of soot formation for petro‐ and renewable diesels

“…Figure 2 shows an illustrated design of the counter‐flow burner. The details on the set up of the counter‐flow burner have been reported in author's previous study 21 . The burners consisted of two converging nozzles, which were placed coaxially and oppositely, and were equipped with a honeycomb plate, and a stainless‐steel mesh to stabilize the gas streams.…”

“…The details on the set up of the counter-flow burner have been reported in author's previous study. 21 The burners consisted of two converging nozzles, which…”

“…40 The details of the sampling probe can be seen in author's previous study. 21 In general, the sampling probe was composed of two parts: (a) A notch (; ¼ 3, 05 mm) with a depth of 0.1 mm was employed to place the carbon-coated copper mesh at the probe end, and (b) a smaller hole ; ¼ 1:00 ð mm) was used for particle deposition to fix the carbonplated copper mesh and avoid the grid from being vanished during the propelling process. A correspondingly detailed sketch of the sampling probe can be found in the previous study.…”

“…A correspondingly detailed sketch of the sampling probe can be found in the previous study. 21 The probe was assembled with a stainless steel joint that was connected to a pneumatic cylinder (MRC 200, Ashun, Taiwan) driven by the compressed air and operated with a solenoid valve. Before collecting the soot samples, the edge of the probe was set 0.5 mm above of stagnation plane where the soot grows in the flame determined by the high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera (MotionXtra N4, IDT Inc., USA).…”

“…Except for single‐ring aromatics such as benzene, and alkyl‐substitute benzene, the soot formation increases with an increase in its hydrogen mass fraction. Several soot formation studies of renewable fuels also have been reported in References 21,22. Morajkar et al 22 investigated soot propensities of biofuel called camphor oil which is classified as less viscous, and low cetane fuel.…”