A Study of the Metabolic Profiles of Penicillium dimorphosporum KMM 4689 Which Led to Its Re-Identification as Penicillium hispanicum

Abstract

Changes in cultivation conditions, in particular salinity and temperature, affect the production of secondary fungal metabolites. In this work, the extracts of fungus previously described as Penicillium dimorphosporum cultivated in various salinity and temperature conditions were investigated using HPLC UV/MS techniques, and their DPPH radical scavenging and cytotoxicity activities against human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 were tested. In total, 25 compounds, including 13 desoxyisoaustamide-related alkaloids and eight anthraquinones, were identified in the studied extracts and their relative amounts were estimated. The production of known neuroprotective alkaloids 5, 6 and other brevianamide alkaloids was increased in hypersaline and high-temperature conditions, and this may be an adaptation to extreme conditions. On the other hand, hyposalinity stress may induce the synthesis of unidentified antioxidants with low cytotoxicity that could be very interesting for future investigation. The study of secondary metabolites of the strain KMM 4689 showed that although brevianamide-related alkaloids and anthraquinone pigments are widely distributed in various fungi, these metabolites have not been described for P. dimorphosporum and related species. For this reason, the strain KMM 4689 was re-sequenced using the β-tubulin gene and ITS regions as molecular markers and further identified as P. hispanicum.

The Metabolite Profiling of Aspergillus fumigatus KMM4631 and Its Co-Cultures with Other Marine Fungi

“…Nephrolaevigatin D (42) and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (44) were found in the peaks at 15.0 and 4.9 min, respectively. These compounds were previously reported as metabolites of Penicillium hispanicum KMM 4689 [17]. Moreover, the peaks at 10.0 (m/z 329.1005) and 19.8 (m/z 443.3138) were detected only in AfPh and were not associated with any of the compounds in the used databases.…”

“…Moreover, the peaks at 10.0 (m/z 329.1005) and 19.8 (m/z 443.3138) were detected only in AfPh and were not associated with any of the compounds in the used databases. Emodin (21), desoxyisoaustamide alkaloids 24-32, desoxybrevianamide E (33), brevianamide F (34), austamide (35), citreorosein (36), 2-chlorocitreorosein (37), endocrocin (38), nephrolaevigatins A-C (39-41), isochromene derivative 43, and ergosterol peroxide (20), which were earlier identified in this fungal strain using the HPLC MS technique [17] were detected in Ph extract using an in-house database and GNPS (Figure 5, Table A1).…”

“…The peaks detected at 4.2 (m/z 299.1759) and 4.8 min (m/z 239.1519) The peak detected at 3.2 min (m/z 195.0649) corresponded to the molecular formula C 10 H 10 O 4 , the same as scytalone (14), which was suggested based on MS/MS comparison using MetFrag [25]. The peaks detected at 4.2 (m/z 299.1759) and 4.8 min (m/z 239.1519) corresponded to the molecular formulas C 18 H 22 N 2 O 2 and C 16 H 18 N 2 , the same as fumigaclavine A (17) and agroclavine (16), respectively; those were suggested based on MS/MS comparison using MetFrag [25].…”

“…[16]. The fungal strain KMM 4689 was isolated from identified soft coral collected near Con Co Island (the South China Sea, Vietnam) and identified based on molecular features as Penicillium hispanicum [17]. The fungal strain KMM 4696 was isolated from brown algae Sargassum pallidum (Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan) and identified based on molecular features as Asteromyces cruciatus [18].…”

“…UHPLC-Q-TOF data were converted from Bruker ".d" formatting to ".mzXML" using MSConvert 3.0 (part of ProteoWizard 3.0 package, Palo Alto, CA, USA) [23], and further processing was performed using MZMine (version 2.53) [24] as described previously [17].…”