A study of the major australian snake venoms in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis): I. the movement of injected venom, methods which retard this movement, and the response to antivenoms

Sutherland, Struan K.; Coulter, A.R.; Harris, R.D.; Lovering, Kathleen E.; Roberts, I.D.

doi:10.3109/00313028109086826

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It was also free of any obvious immediate or delayed adverse reactions, in contrast to the reported 36% rate of immediate hypersensitivity reactions noted in a recent human RBBS series treated with equine F(ab) 2 antivenoms (Churchman et al, 2010). The rapid clinical responsiveness reported here is consistent with earlier studies conducted in experimentally envenomed monkeys, injected with RBBS venom, and subsequently treated with equine antivenom (Sutherland et al, 1981). However a RBBS envenomation case report of a dog that was euthanased due to anuric renal failure, despite receiving bivalent CSL tiger/brown snake antivenom 15 h after envenomation, demonstrates the potential of un-neutralised circulating venom to cause secondary complications and death (Heller et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Padula

Winkel

2016

Toxicon

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Padula

Winkel

2016

Toxicon

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“…19,20 Although, tiger snake antivenom is recommended for systemic P. porphyriacus envenomation, it is not indicated for use in the case of P. australis or P. colletti envenomation. 21 The pharmacological basis for the apparent cross-reactivity of tiger snake antivenom against venoms from snakes of different genera is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic effects of venoms from seven species of australasian black snakes (Pseudechis): Efficacy of black and tiger snake antivenoms

Ramasamy¹,

Fry²,

Hodgson³

2005

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. Pseudechis species (black snakes) are among the most widespread venomous snakes in Australia. Despite this, very little is known about the potency of their venoms or the efficacy of the antivenoms used to treat systemic envenomation by these snakes. The present study investigated the in vitro neurotoxicity of venoms from seven Australasian Pseudechis species and determined the efficacy of black and tiger snake antivenoms against this activity. 2. All venoms (10 microg/mL) significantly inhibited indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation and responses to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; 1 mmol/L), but not to KCl (40 mmol/L), indicating activity at post-synaptic nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle. 3. Prior administration of either black or tiger snake antivenom (5 U/mL) prevented the inhibitory effects of all Pseudechis venoms. 4. Black snake antivenom (5 U/mL) added at t90 (i.e. the time-point at which the original twitch height was reduced by 90%) significantly reversed the effects of P. butleri (28+/-5%), P. guttatus (25+/-8%) and P. porphyriacus (28+/-10%) venoms. Tiger snake antivenom (5 U/mL) added at the t90 time-point significantly reversed the neurotoxic effects of P. guttatus (51+/-4%), P. papuanus (47+/-5%) and P. porphyriacus (20+/-7%) venoms. 5. We show, for the first time, the presence of neurotoxins in the venom of these related snake species and that this activity is differentially affected by either black snake or tiger snake antivenoms.

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“…Thus, while PBI is highly effective at limiting toxin entry into the circulation in animal studies and mock venom studies [11], [12], its application in the clinical setting may be more tenuous. Therefore, co-application of adjunct methods that impede venom transport through the lymphatics may be beneficial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Approaches That Slow Lymphatic Flow As a Snakebite First Aid

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThis study examines the use of topical pharmacological agents as a snakebite first aid where slowing venom reaching the circulation prevents systemic toxicity. It is based on the fact that toxin molecules in most snake venoms are large molecules and generally first enter and traverse the lymphatic system before accessing the circulation. It follows on from a previous study where it was shown that topical application of a nitric oxide donor slowed lymph flow to a similar extent in humans and rats as well as increased the time to respiratory arrest for subcutaneous injection of an elapid venom (Pseudonaja textilis, Ptx; Eastern brown snake) into the hind feet of anaesthetized rats.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe effects of topical application of the L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine and the local anesthetic lignocaine in inhibiting lymph flow and protecting against envenomation was examined in an anaesthetized rat model. The agents significantly increased dye-measured lymph transit times by 500% and 390% compared to controls and increased the time to respiratory arrest to foot injection of a lethal dose of Ptx venom by 60% and 40% respectively. The study also examined the effect of Ptx venom dose over the lethal range of 0.4 to 1.5 mg/kg finding a negative linear relationship between increase in venom dose and time to respiratory arrest.Conclusions/SignificanceThe findings suggest that a range of agents that inhibit lymphatic flow could potentially be used as an adjunct treatment to pressure bandaging with immobilization (PBI) in snakebite first aid. This is important given that PBI (a snakebite first aid recommended by the Australian National Health and Medical research Council) is often incorrectly applied. The use of a local anesthetic would have the added advantage of reducing pain.

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A study of the major australian snake venoms in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis): I. the movement of injected venom, methods which retard this movement, and the response to antivenoms

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Neurotoxic effects of venoms from seven species of australasian black snakes (Pseudechis): Efficacy of black and tiger snake antivenoms

Pharmacological Approaches That Slow Lymphatic Flow As a Snakebite First Aid

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