A study of the influence of custom on the moral judgment.

Sharp, Frank Chapman

doi:10.1037/13065-000

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“…The tyro will realize that by questioning the answer will generally be obtained that stealing and assault and so on are pernicious deeds, as considered in the abstract, and wUl also realize that the answer gives no criterion of what the subject's judgment wUl be in the face of opportunity or provocation.Ĥ owever, the powers of general moral judgment and particularly of the comprehension of moral issues involved in a given situation, are sometimes important to appreciate. F. C. Sharp (110) has done interesting work with non-offenders on this subject of moral discrimination, and we have utilized, in modification, in our Test XXI, some of his methods. A short narration involving some points of ethical judgment is orally presented, and a discriminating response is called for.…”

Section: B Methods Of Giving Mental Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Individual Delinquent, a Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders

Lattimore¹,

Healy²

1915

University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register

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Pages 3-8 § 1. Presentation of Results. § 2. Our Research into Genetics and Dynamics. § 3. Delinquency and Abnormality not Sjmonymous. § 4. Scheme of Presentation. §,5. Practical Aspects of the Study. §6. To Whom this Study Should Appeal. § 7. Legal Dicta vs. Scientific Studies. § 8. Constructive Values for the Law. § 9. Scientific Data Indispensable for Treatment. CHAPTER II Oeibntations ... 9-21 § 10. Our Main Point of View. § 11. General Data for DeUmiting the Field of Study. § 12. Best Age for Study. § 13. Our Study of Recidivists. § 14. Group of Cases Studied and Our Approach to Their Problems. § 15. Social and Scientific Values of Deeper Studies. § 16. Historical Orientation of Our Standpoint. § 17. Ascertained Pacts Overwhelm the Theories. § 18. Our Empirical Method. § 19. Newer Methods of Study. § 20. Follow-up Observations Necessary. § 21. Insoluble Problem of Legal Responsibility. § 22. ResponsibiUty a Dispensable Criterion. § 23. Our Study Largely Characterology. CHAPTER III The Individual 22-25 § 24. Dynamic Center of the Problem. § 25. Definite and Practical Knowledge of the Individual is Necessary. § 26. Weakness of General Causation Theories. § 27. Thorough Study Means Balancing of Factors. § 28. Growth of Idea of Studying the Offender. § 29. The Problem of Per-sonaUty. CHAPTER IV The Mental Bases of Delinquency . 26-32 § 30. Conduct an Expression of Mental Life. § 31. Practical Bearings of the Psychological Viewpoint. § 32. Importance of Mental Abnormality. § 33. Psychological Standpoint Taken Alone is Unsafe. § 34. Specific Features of Mental Life Underlying Delinquency. ix CONTENTS CHAPTER V Working Methods . . Pages 33-67 § 35. General Survey of Working Methods. § 36. The Observer and His Attitude. § 37. Privileged Communication. § 38. Previous Training of Observer. § 39. Age of the Examinee. § 40. Types for Study. § 41. Sources of Information. § 42. Place of Observation. § 43. Extent of Study of a Case. § 44. Office and Equipment. § 45. Assistants. § 46. Interview and Examination. § 47. Records. § 48. Schedule of Data Concerning Delinquents. I. Family History. II. Developmental History.III. History of Environment. IV. Mental and Moral Development.

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Section: B Methods Of Giving Mental Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Individual Delinquent, a Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders

Lattimore¹,

Healy²

1915

University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register

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“…Sie sind ähnlich stimulierend wie die Ausführungen über Kausalität, Gerechtigkeit und Konsistenz. Geht man nun noch einen weiteren Schritt zurück in der historischen Betrachtung, so kann man auf eine Arbeit stoßen, die mehr als hundert Jahre zurück moralische Urteilsprozesse empirisch untersucht hat (Sharp, 1897/98) und als Vorbild für zukünftige empirische Forschung dienen kann in Verbindung mit den Erörterungen bei einer Nachfolgeuntersuchung von Sharp (1908) und den Ausführungen bei Heider (1958). Diese Arbeiten weisen auf den Einfluß der Normen und der Kultur auf die ethische Haltung hin, in Ergänzung zu den kognitiven Entwicklungsstufen verbunden mit dem Lebensalter in der Entwicklungspsychologie.…”

Section: Einführungunclassified

Ethische Grundpositionen und ihre Bedeutung bei der Rechtfertigung beruflicher Handlungen

Witte¹

2002

German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Pe

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Zusammenfassung AbstractThe empirical research on ethics is cut off from the classical research on morality and the connexion to other crucial points of social psychology and sociologyis strengthened: values, culture, justice, attribution. Furthermore some founding studies of ethical research are given as hints of its tradition. As a consequence a prescriptive attribution research is proposed which concentrates on justifications of actions by weighting the importance of the four classical ethical positions why it was "good" that an action was chosen : hedonism, intuitionism, utilitarism, deontology. With the aim of these four basic positions the model of motivation is seized in supplement to the model of thinking in classical attribution theory. The first reported empirical study is based on a questionnaire of these four basic positions and the other uses a content analytic technique. In the first study the justification of the own performance on the job is analyzed by West-and East-German labourers. The East-Germans are more collectivistic weighting higher the utilitaristic and the deontological positions. The second study concentrates on the difference between the justifications of professions. Economists , physicians, and lawyers should justify the therapy of the human germ-cells. Economists are more hedonistic than the other two professions who are more utilitaristic and deontological. The deeper understanding of explanations leads to the classical attribution theories and the deeper understanding of motivations leads to our concept of prescriptive attributions based on the four ethical positions.

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“…until he desires to see certain rules, however few and bare in context, obeyed by man as such" (Sharp, 1908a, p. 266). Sharp (1908b) still continued to search for the best method of studying moral judgments. He reaffirmed his early statement about studying morality: "The question whether moral judgments are the product of custom and kindred forces is at once one of fundamental importance for theory and practice, and one that can never be decided by an appeal to introspection" (p. 6).…”

Section: Early Studies Of Moralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this, he concluded that general social rules function by providing a stabilizing effect on moral judgments. Sharp (1908b) noted that there were six major reasons why people would observe these general rules: (a) concern about the effect of their example on others, (b) concern about creating a habit of breaking rules, (c) concern about losing the confidence of others, (d) concern about losing confidence in others, (e) fear of others acting in the same way, and (f) concern about not knowing where one rule ends and another begins.…”

Section: Early Studies Of Moralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of American morality research, 1894–1932.

Wendorf¹

2001

History of Psychology

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Research on moral development existed long before the work of Piaget and Kohlberg. Early psychological opinions, along with empirical testing of moral judgments at the turn of the century, showed themes of the development of moral ideas in children and adults. After the appearance of Binet's intelligence tests, and guided by educational goals, moral testing began to reach its height, only to fail in reaching its objectives. These research endeavors did, however, provide some understanding of the nature of morality, the motives behind moral judgments, and the development of morality by using a scientific method.Nearly all of the research on moral development within psychology during the last 40 years has, in some way, been associated with the theoretical constructions and testing procedures devised by Lawrence Kohlberg (1963a). However, Kohlberg's research, begun while he was still a graduate student, offered a somewhat limited review of the existing literature on the psychology of morality and moral development. Like Piaget (1932/1960) before him, Kohlberg (1963b) was largely critical of, insensitive toward, or perhaps even ignorant of the fair body of American research conducted between 1894 (the date of the earliest published empirical study of morality) and 1932 (the date of publication of Piaget's landmark book).This disregard given by Piaget and Kohlberg-and perhaps many researchers since-is unfortunate. A researcher unfamiliar with the history of morality research might erroneously conclude that Piaget's (1932Piaget's ( /1960) and Kohlberg's (1963a) topic of inquiry was truly an original addition to the field of psychology. In fact, the quantitative, empirical study of morality and moral development has a rich and long history within the traditions of American psychology.Perhaps almost from its beginning, the psychology of morality and moral development has been deeply interested in providing and devising tests of an individual's moral values and development. However, these tests have varied in form and content over the years and can be classified into three main periods in which they were popular: (a) the years prior to the publication of Piaget's seminal work (1932/1960); (b) a period including the Piagetian model, the psychodynamic approach, and behavioristic models; and (c) a mid-century period during Craig A. Wendorf has taught statistics and social psychology in the Department of Psychology at Wayne State University. His primary research interests include the application of multilevel theory and statistical models to the understanding of issues of justice and fairness.Special thanks are extended to Susan H. McFadden for her comments and encouraging words on earlier versions of this article.

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A study of the influence of custom on the moral judgment.

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Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Individual Delinquent, a Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders

The Individual Delinquent, a Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders

Ethische Grundpositionen und ihre Bedeutung bei der Rechtfertigung beruflicher Handlungen

History of American morality research, 1894–1932.

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