A Study of Techniques for the Distribution of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Wild Raccoon Populations

Perry, Brian D.; Garner, Nathan; Jenkins, Suzanne R.; McCloskey, K.; Johnston, David H.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.206

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Fifty-seven percent of the sampled raccoons were tetracycline positive, which is within the ranges that have been previously reported in placebo trials and the two published vaccine trials (Rupprecht et al, 1987;Perry et al, 1989;Hanlon et al, 1989;Hable et al, 1992;Hanlon et al, 1993Hanlon et al, , 1998Roscoe et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…The oral vaccination of raccoons against rabies has the potential to decrease the incidence of rabies and to reduce the risk of rabies to domestic animals and humans. It is generally accepted that between 60 to 70% of a population must be immune to rabies for the disease to disappear within a local population (Perry et al, 1989), although this has not specifically been tested for raccoons (Coyne et al, 1989). This immunity can be natural or vaccine induced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Olson

Mitchell²,

Werner

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in Pinellas County (Florida, USA) by helicopter drop and from cars from January to April 1997. A total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km 2 . Bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 33 opossums (Didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) that were trapped during FebruaryApril 1997. Active surveillance consisted of 17 trapping sites that were further categorized by six community descriptors. Passive surveillance consisted of animals that were collected as nuisance animals by Pinellas County Animal Services. The proportion of tetracycline positive raccoons was compared between collection techniques, among trapping sites, vegetation communities, and age and sex categories. Since there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of tetracycline positive raccoons trapped during active surveillance (59%, 110/187) and passive surveillance (53%, 30/57), the data were pooled, resulting in a tetracycline positive frequency of 57% (140/244). The range in the positive tetracycline frequency established for raccoons from the 17 active surveillance sites was 9% (1/11) to 100% (3/3). The tetracycline positive frequency for raccoons ranged from 25% (3/12) at the dumpster sites to 78% (14/18) at the landfills. Juvenile male raccoons (71%, 34/48) were the most commonly marked age and sex class and adult females (42%, 21/50) were the least commonly marked age and sex class. Eighty-five percent (28/33) of the opossums, 3% (1/31) of the feral cats, and 50% (1/2) of the gray foxes were tetracycline positive.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Olson

Mitchell²,

Werner

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The bait density required to successfully halt or stop raccoon rabies has not been definitively determined (10,11,16,17). Raccoon density can vary enormously with local ecology and weather (16,(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Costs: Bait Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raccoon density can vary enormously with local ecology and weather (16,(18)(19)(20). On the basis of densities currently under trial, for each of the two scenarios it is assumed that bait is distributed at 250 units per sq.…”

Section: Costs: Bait Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Costs and Benefits of an Oral Vaccine for Raccoon Rabies: A Possible Model

Meltzer¹

1996

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Any cost-benefit analysis of the use of an oral vaccine to control raccoon rabies should include calculating both costs and benefits in terms of $/unit area. Further, cost savings must be adjusted to match the stages of an epizootic: pre-epizootic, epizootic, and post-epizootic. A generic model, which can be adapted to different sites, illustrates the use of threshold analysis to link distribution costs, cost savings, bait density, and vaccine price. Initial results indicate the need to lower the cost of the vaccine, continue research to determine optimal bait densities, and examine distribution plans that do not require continued protection of areas in which raccoon rabies was eliminated through previous vaccination programs.

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“…Tetracyclines are widely used as biomarkers for monitoring vaccine and contraceptive bait consumption in a variety of carnivores and rodents (Linhart and Kennelly, 1967;Crier, 1970;Cowan et al, 1984;Lefebvre et al, 1988;Hanlon et al, 1989;Perry et al, 1989;Bachman et al, 1990;Savarie et al, 1992;Olson et al, 2000;Rosatte and Lawson, 2001). Target species include coyotes (Canis latrans), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), skunks (Mephitis mephitis, Spilogale putorius), and opossum (Didelphis virginianus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Significance of Tetracycline Stability in Rabies Vaccine Baits

Johnston

Primus

Buettgenbach

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Tetracycline is widely used as a biomarker for bait consumption by wildlife; tetracycline is incorporated into bones and teeth and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy several weeks postconsumption. During 2003, the United States Department of Agriculture distributed more than 10 million tetracycline-containing rabies-vaccine baits to control the spread of wildlife vectored rabies to humans, pets, and livestock. To estimate the percentage of target species consuming the baits, raccoons and skunks were collected in baited areas and teeth were analyzed for the presence of the biomarker. Several incidents of low biomarker detection rates prompted an investigation of the stability of the biomarker in the baits. Baits were collected at several points along the manufacturing and distribution chain. Baits were analyzed for free and polymer-bound tetracycline and the less active isomer epitetracycline. Results indicated that a portion of the tetracycline was converted to epitetracycline. Additionally, significant quantities of both compounds were trapped in the polymer, which is homogeneously distributed throughout the bait. The results of this study suggest that approximately 40% of the target quantity of tetracycline was unavailable for absorption. This situation could contribute to low biomarker detection rates and suggests that formulation modification should be considered.

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A Study of Techniques for the Distribution of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Wild Raccoon Populations

Cited by 29 publications

References 11 publications

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Assessing the Costs and Benefits of an Oral Vaccine for Raccoon Rabies: A Possible Model

Evaluation and Significance of Tetracycline Stability in Rabies Vaccine Baits

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