A Study of specific absorption rate in human head due to electromagnetic exposure to 4G signals

Mutalik, Siti Rokiah Abdul; Mat, M.H.; Jusoh, M.; Husna, Asiya

doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1161-1166

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…SAR is an important parameter in the investigation of the thermal effect of a radar field. The SAR in body tissues and at various frequencies is as [ 36 ]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Risk Assessment of 4-12 Ghz Radar Waves Using CST STUDIO SUITE Software

et al. 2022

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Background: The application of radar systems in telecommunications and aerospace science is important. However, engineering department’s staff various tissues are always under chronic radiation generated by the radar fields which may affect health. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the risk of radar wave exposure and to explore the effects and limitations. Material and Methods: In this simulation study, an adult body model versus 1 watt source with a distance of 50 centimeters exposure has been simulated using the CST STUDIO SUITE. Furthermore, various physical and electrical properties of each tissue and organ for different frequencies and exposure times have been studied. The exposure dose limitations have been considered using the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) safety and health guide report. Results: Total body absorbed doses for 4 GHz, 8 GHz, and 12 GHz frequency, and 6 min, 4 h, and 30 days exposure time, have been calculated as 1.136×10 -5 , 1.598×10 -5 , 1.58×10 -3 , 1.521×10 -5 , 3.122×10 -5 , 4.52×10 -3 , 4.1×10 -5 , 10 -4 , and 10 -2 , respectively. Conclusion: It has shown that the internal organs of the body and head will be under more risk by reducing radar frequencies from 12 GHz to 4 GHz. On the other hand, the higher frequency can cause a higher risk to the human skin. In addition, the maximum Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for each case has been calculated. The results show that for this normalized source, the safety criteria have been respected, but for a higher source, the calculations must be repeated.

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“…SAR is an important parameter in the investigation of the thermal effect of a radar field. The SAR in body tissues and at various frequencies is as [ 36 ]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Risk Assessment of 4-12 Ghz Radar Waves Using CST STUDIO SUITE Software

et al. 2022

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“…The formation of such interference zeros is discussed in [21], [22] for example of, a Huygens element with an arbitrary ratio of currents and in [23], [24] for a system of two parallel electric dipoles (vibrators). The formation of the fixed zeros of the electric field at a finite distance from the system of radiators carried out by selecting the amplitude and phase difference of their currents [25]. The effectiveness of interference suppression lies in its main property: if two signals of the same amplitude interfere, then when adding in phase at a given point, the power rises to 3dB, and in antiphase it is suppressed to minus infinity dB [26], [27].…”

Section: Research Methods 21 Broblem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human head

Hamid

Chisab

2021

Bulletin EEI

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In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.

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“…Therefore, beamforming based on MVDR processors can be extended to more situations than before. Numerical examples show that for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high SNR performance, using the previously proposed robust beamformer, the performance of the proposed beamforming algorithm is almost always the best [33], [34]. Combining the reconstruction of the interference plus noise covariance matrix with the enhanced estimation of the required signal steering vector can overcome the problem of self-cancellation of the required signal at high SNR, while maintaining good performance at low SNR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete interferences optimum beamformer in correlated signal and interfering noise

Singh

Yadav

et al. 2022

IJECE

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This paper introduces a significant special situation where the noise is a collection of D-plane interference signals and the correlated noise of D+1 is less than the number of array components. An optimal beamforming processor based on the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) generates and combines appropriate statistics for the D+1 model. Instead of the original space of the N-dimensional problem, the interference signal subspace is reduced to D+1. Typical antenna arrays in many modern communication networks absorb waves generated from multiple point sources. An analytical formula was derived to improve the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) obtained from the steering errors of the two beamformers. The proposed MVDR processor-based beamforming does not enforce general constraints. Therefore, it can also be used in systems where the steering vector is compromised by gain. Simulation results show that the output of the proposed beamformer based on the MVDR processor is usually close to the ideal state within a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-interference ratio. The MVDR processor-based beamformer has been experimentally evaluated. The proposed processor-based MVDR system significantly improves performance for large interference white noise ratio (INR) in the sidelobe region and provide an appropriate beam pattern.

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A Study of specific absorption rate in human head due to electromagnetic exposure to 4G signals

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Human Health Risk Assessment of 4-12 Ghz Radar Waves Using CST STUDIO SUITE Software

Human Health Risk Assessment of 4-12 Ghz Radar Waves Using CST STUDIO SUITE Software

The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human head

Discrete interferences optimum beamformer in correlated signal and interfering noise

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