A Study of Retinal Venous Blood Oxygen Saturation in Human Subjects by Photographic Means

Hickam, John B.; Frayser, Regina; Ross, Jennifer Gunberg

doi:10.1161/01.cir.27.3.375

Cited by 142 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Laing 20 developed a 'choroidal eye oximeter' to measure the OS of choroidal blood. Hickam et al 21 described a photographic method to estimate the OS of the retinal veins in humans. Delori et al 22 described a method for determining the OS in retinal vessels using a three-wavelength photoelectric oximeter; this comprised a fundus camera integrated with three interference filters, a photomultiplier, and a photocathode.…”

Section: Principles Of Retinal Oximetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral imaging of the retina

Mordant

Alabboud

Muyo

et al. 2011

Eye

107

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Introduction The work described here involved the use of a modified fundus camera to obtain sequential hyperspectral images of the retina in 14 normal volunteers and in 1 illustrative patient with a retinal vascular occlusion. Methods The paper describes analysis techniques, which allow oximetry within retinal vessels; these results are presented as retinal oximetry maps. Results Using spectral images, with wavelengths between 556 and 650 nm, the mean oxygen saturation (OS) value in temporal retinal arterioles in normal volunteers was 104.3 ( ± 16.7), and in normal temporal retinal venules was 34.8 (±17.8). These values are comparable to those quoted in the literature, although, the venular saturations are slightly lower than those values found by other authors; explanations are offered for these differences. Discussion The described imaging and analysis techniques produce a clinically useful map of retinal oximetric values. The results from normal volunteers and from one illustrative patient are presented. Further developments, including the recent development of a 'snapshot' spectral camera, promises enhanced non-invasive retinal vessel oximetry mapping.

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Section: Principles Of Retinal Oximetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral imaging of the retina

Mordant

Alabboud

Muyo

et al. 2011

Eye

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[13][14][15][16][17] There are several sources that contribute to this variability, including background, path length, blood hematocrit, and vessel glints. 4,13,14,16,[18][19][20][21] Recent work in this area has attempted to reduce the measurement variability by taking large averages of the saturation data across selected portions of the retinal veins, but retinal color maps of the nonaveraged saturation data clearly showed substantial measurement variations. Notwithstanding this variability, the averaged data demonstrated significant changes in the global mean venous saturation in response to oxygen respiration as well as retinal disease states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal oximeter for the blue-green oximetry technique

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Retinal oximetry offers potential for noninvasive assessment of central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SO 2 ) via the retinal vessels but requires a calibrated accuracy of ± 3% saturation in order to be clinically useful. Prior oximeter designs have been hampered by poor saturation calibration accuracy. We demonstrate that the bluegreen oximetry (BGO) technique can provide accuracy within ± 3% in swine when multiply scattered light from blood within a retinal vessel is isolated. A noninvasive on-axis scanning retinal oximeter (ROx-3) is constructed that generates a multiwavelength image in the range required for BGO. A field stop in the detection pathway is used in conjunction with an anticonfocal bisecting wire to remove specular vessel reflections and isolate multiply backscattered light from the blood column within a retinal vessel. This design is tested on an enucleated swine eye vessel and a retinal vein in a human volunteer with retinal SO 2 measurements of ∼1 and ∼65%, respectively. These saturations, calculated using the calibration line from earlier work, are internally consistent with a standard error of the mean of ± 2% SO 2 . The absolute measures are well within the expected saturation range for the site (-1 and 63%). This is the first demonstration of noninvasive on-axis BGO retinal oximetry. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

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“…3 For this reason, there have been numerous attempts to develop a spectral technique for the assessment of retinal blood oxygenation dating back to the early 1960s. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Preliminary data suggests that spectral techniques may be applicable in recently developed spectroscopic optical coherence tomography technology. [11][12][13] All spectral reflectance methods are based on assumptions about the relationship between light transmittance and oxygen saturation, 14 which is expressed as (1) where the intensity of light transmitted (I) through blood is equal to the original intensity (I O ) multiplied by e raised to the factor of a constant (ε) times distance traveled through blood (d) times concentration of blood (C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral oximetry assessed with high-speed ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography

et al. 2007

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We use Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) data to assess retinal blood oxygen saturation. Three-dimensional disk-centered retinal tissue volumes were assessed in 17 normal healthy subjects. After removing DC and low-frequency a-scan components, an OCT fundus image was created by integrating total reflectance into a single reflectance value. Thirty fringe patterns were sampled; 10 each from the edge of an artery, adjacent tissue, and the edge of a vein, respectively. A-scans were recalculated, zeroing the DC term in the power spectrum, and used for analysis. Optical density ratios (ODRs) were calculated as ODR Art

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A Study of Retinal Venous Blood Oxygen Saturation in Human Subjects by Photographic Means

Cited by 142 publications

References 10 publications

Spectral imaging of the retina

Spectral imaging of the retina

Retinal oximeter for the blue-green oximetry technique

Spectral oximetry assessed with high-speed ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography

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