A study of photon interaction parameters in barium compounds

Manjunatha, H.C.; Seenappa, L.; Chandrika, B.M.; Hanumantharayappa, Chikka

doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2017.05.042

Cited by 38 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, lead is an acutely toxic metal, and extended exposure may lead to severe health issues, including neurological disorders, kidney failure, and reductions in hemoglobin and red blood cells [ 27 , 28 ]. Therefore, it has been essential to limit the use of lead in general and to study other less toxic metals and synthesized materials, such as aluminum, copper, antimony, barium, gadolinium, tungsten, bismuth, and silicate glass, in the development of new radiation attenuation products and applications [ 13 , 14 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Dependence on these materials has been growing due to the increased use of and/or exposure to ionizing radiation in the industry and research in fields such as aerospace, electronics, agriculture, optics, biology, and medicine [ 25 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guayule Natural Rubber Latex and Bi2O3 Films for X-ray Attenuating Medical Gloves

et al. 2022

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Existing natural latex radiation-attenuating gloves (RAGs) contain a high loading of radiation attenuation filler that reduces their mechanical properties to below Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medical glove requirements. RAGs are commonly formulated using Hevea natural rubber latex and lead-based fillers. The former can cause life-threatening allergic responses and the latter are known for their toxicity. In this work, a new lead-free RAG formulation based on circumallergenic guayule natural rubber latex (GNRL) and non-toxic radiation attenuation filler bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) was developed. GNRL films with Bi2O3 loadings ranging from 0 to 300 PHR at different thicknesses were prepared. Radiation attenuation efficiencies (AE) at 60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp were determined and attenuation isocontour curves predicted film thickness and Bi2O3 loading required to meet or exceed the radiation attenuation requirements of ASTM D7866 and commercial RAGs. Optimal curing conditions for GNRL/Bi2O3 films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 were investigated by varying curing temperatures and time from 87 °C to 96 °C and 65 min to 90 min, respectively. In general, as the loading of the filler increased, the density of the films increased while the thickness decreased. GNRL/Bi2O3 films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 and 0.27 mm provided 5% more AE than RAG market average attenuation at the same thickness. The films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 cured under near-optimal conditions (90 °C/85 min, and 87 °C/65 min) met both the radiation attenuation standard (ASTM D7866) and the natural latex surgeon and examination glove standards (ASTM D3577 and D3578, respectively). Thus, gloves made using our formulations and protocols demonstrated potential to meet and surpass medical natural latex glove standards, offer a single product for both infection control and radiation protection instead of double-gloving, provide a greater degree of comfort to the user, and simultaneously reduce contact reactions and eliminate potential latex allergic reaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guayule Natural Rubber Latex and Bi2O3 Films for X-ray Attenuating Medical Gloves

et al. 2022

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“…While an individual cell is made of trillions of atoms, only a small fraction of those will be ionized at low to moderate radiation powers. The probability of ionizing radiation causing cancer is dependent upon the absorbed dose of the radiation, and is a function of the damaging tendency of the type of radiation (equivalent dose) and the sensitivity of the irradiated organism or tissue (effective dose) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental characteristics and application of radiation

Karmaker¹,

Maraz²,

Islam³

et al. 2021

GSC Adv. Res. Rev.

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Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy as waves or particles through space or through a material medium which is able to penetrate various materials and is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Radiation processing can be defined as exposure of materials with high energy radiation to change their physical, chemical, or biological characteristics, to increase their usefulness, and safety purpose, or to reduce their harmful impact on the environment. Ionizing radiation is produced by radioactive decay, nuclear fission, and fusion, by extremely hot objects, and by particle accelerators. The radiation coming from the sun is due to the nuclear fusion; therefore, we are living in a natural radioactive world. Radioactive substances are common sources of ionized radiation that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Alpha rays are the weakest form of radiation and can be stopped by paper. Beta rays are able to pass through paper but not through aluminum. Gamma rays are the strongest radiation. They are able to pass through paper and aluminum, but not through a thick block of lead or concrete. Alpha and beta radiation are the high energy subatomic particles where gamma radiation is a form of high energy electromagnetic waves. This review presents the fundamental introduction of radiation, the three types of radiation, and their applications.

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“…For instance, gamma rays are used in the sterilization of human tissue, such as in connective tissue allograft. Furthermore, ionizing radiation is used in various fields such as in energy generation, chemistry and materials science, food industry, astronomy and agriculture [1][2][3][4][5]. Although these radiations are excessively utilized for their many advantages, human exposure to these kinds of radiations can have dangerous consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Several Glass Systems Using the EPICS2017 Library

Hila¹,

Sayyed

Javier-Hila³

et al. 2021

Arab J Sci Eng

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In this paper, the investigation of the Electron–Photon Interaction Cross Sections 2017 (EPICS2017) library on the shielding characteristics of several glasses under various chemical systems is presented. The EPICS2017 library of ENDF/B-VIII was interpolated to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of selected glass systems. Results from EPICS2017 have been compared with values from experimental and theoretical methods used to evaluate the photon shielding properties. The EPICS2017 estimations strongly agreed with experimental MAC results. The MAC values from several Monte Carlo codes (Geant4, MCNP4C, MCNP5, and FLUKA) based on EPDL97 or EPDL89 strongly agreed with EPICS2017-based interpolation, within reasonable deviations. The obtained results indicate that EPICS2017 can be used to evaluate the MACs for any glass system in which there are no experimental values available at various photon energies. It was demonstrated that the linear EPICS2017 library can be a considerable tool in future photon shielding research and developments of glass systems, as a recent alternative to the widely used XCOM by NIST.

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A study of photon interaction parameters in barium compounds

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

Guayule Natural Rubber Latex and Bi2O3 Films for X-ray Attenuating Medical Gloves

Guayule Natural Rubber Latex and Bi2O3 Films for X-ray Attenuating Medical Gloves

Fundamental characteristics and application of radiation

Evaluation of the Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Several Glass Systems Using the EPICS2017 Library

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