A Study of Morphological and Haemodynamic Determinants of Testicular Echotexture Characteristics in the Ram

Abstract

The ultrasonographic image of an organ is a product of scattering and reflection of high-frequency ultrasound beams by discrete units of tissue. The number of acoustic tissue interfaces and vascularity affects the quantitative characteristics of grey-scale ultrasonographic images. This study was undertaken to examine the influences of scrotal/testicular integument and blood flow on testicular echotexture parameters in the ram. Serial ultrasonographic images were obtained during surgical castration of 7 Rideau Arcott rams aged 20-22 weeks. The first 2 sets of images were taken through the scrotum, prior to and after induction of anaesthesia. The third set was taken through the tunica vaginalis, the fourth set was obtained through the tunica albuginea, the fifth set was taken when the testicular cord and internal blood vessels were clamped, and the final set of images was recorded after allowing the blood to drain from dissected testicles (5 min). All images were then subjected to computerized image analyses and the testicles were processed for histology. The removal of the scrotal skin and tunica vaginalis both resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increments in numerical pixel values (NPVs) and pixel heterogeneity (standard deviation of pixel values) of the testicular parenchyma. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in testicular echotexture between images taken just before or after clamping the testicular cord vessels, or after draining. At all stages, NPVs were correlated (P </= 0.10) to the seminiferous tubule (ST) area and the ST lumen area, except for NPVs and the ST lumen area in images obtained through the tunica albuginea (P = 0.20). We concluded that: 1) attenuation of ultrasound waves by the scrotal skin and tunica vaginalis significantly altered testicular echotexture characteristics; 2) vascular blood flow did not affect the echotextural attributes of the rams' testes; and 3) NPVs were a good indicator of ST microstructure in situ and ex vivo.

Evaluation of the Breeding Soundness of Male Camels (Camelus dromedarius) via Clinical Examination, Semen Analysis, Ultrasonography and Testicular Biopsy: A Summary of 80 Clinical Cases

“…Ultrasonographic images of an organ are the result of the scattering and reflection of high‐frequency ultrasound beams by discrete units of tissue (Giffin et al. ). Ultrasonographic imaging of the testes has considerable potential for the evaluation of testicular function and semen quality in bulls (Gàbor et al.…”

“…However, in rams, attenuation of the ultrasound waves by the scrotal skin and tunica vaginalis significantly alters the testicular echotexture characteristics (Giffin et al. ). In beef bulls, testicular echogenicity is associated with sperm production and sperm morphology, but the associations have not been consistent (Brito et al.…”

“…Among the most commonly reported problems are a lack of or reduced libido, ejaculatory problems and unexplained subfertility or infertility (Tibary and Anouassi 2000). Ultrasonographic images of an organ are the result of the scattering and reflection of high-frequency ultrasound beams by discrete units of tissue (Giffin et al 2009). Ultrasonographic imaging of the testes has considerable potential for the evaluation of testicular function and semen quality in bulls (Ga`bor et al 1998;Ahmad et al 2011).…”

“…Ultrasonographic imaging of the testes has considerable potential for the evaluation of testicular function and semen quality in bulls (Ga`bor et al 1998;Ahmad et al 2011). However, in rams, attenuation of the ultrasound waves by the scrotal skin and tunica vaginalis significantly alters the testicular echotexture characteristics (Giffin et al 2009). In beef bulls, testicular echogenicity is associated with sperm production and sperm morphology, but the associations have not been consistent (Brito et al 2003(Brito et al , 2012.…”

Ultrasonic thickness evaluation of seminiferous tubule by fuzzy inference

“…Therefore, we need a system that noninvasively measures the thickness of the tubule testicular in the testicle before micro-TESE procedure. [5], [6].…”