A study of mental and physical reactions after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Mental and physical conditions of female undergraduate students immediately after, 2 months after, and 9 months after the earthquake.

Preventive behaviours against radiation and related factors among general workers after Fukushima's nuclear disasters

“…According to previous findings from the report titled ‘Suicide Ideation after the 1999 Earthquake in Marmara, Turkey’, the thought of suicide following an earthquake was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.85) times lower with female than with male subjects 13. Studies also reported that following the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995, traumatic reactions among female undergraduate students decreased after 3 months, while feelings of survival guilt did not 14. Therefore, these reports suggested that female subjects were psychologically stronger than male subjects following large-scaled earthquakes.…”

A Review of the History of Traumatic Stress Studies in Japan

“…Inspection of Table 1 shows that psychological outcomes after the disaster include anxiety and depressive symptoms (Asukai & Miyake, 1998a, 1998bHyodo & Morino, 1999;Ikumura, 1998;Kato et al, 1996;Kokai et al, 1998;Mita et al, 1997;Odaira et al, 1993), tendency toward neuroticism (Asukai & Miyake, 1998a, 1998b, and physical symptoms, such as gout, diarrhea, headache, difficulty sleeping (Joh, 1997;Kato, 1998;Kato et al, 1996;Odaira et al, 1993;Tanaka & Takagi, 1997). As a stressor, housing-related problems have been reported extensively.…”

“…Psychological questionnaires, tests, and clinical protocols for PTSD were unavailable for disaster victims in Japan before the 1990s. The general health questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg & Hiller, 1979) was the most frequently used measure of victims' mental health in general (Asukai & Miyake, 1998a, 1998bFukuda et al, 1999;Hyodo & Morino, 1999;Ikumura, 1998;Tanaka & Takagi, 1997). It has been statistically validated in terms of reliability (Kitamura, Sugawara, Aoki, & Shima, 1989), and in its appropriateness to screen psychosocial symptoms (Ota et al, 1995).…”

Delayed‐onset PTSD After Combat: The Role of Social Resources

“…The present study aims to examine the role of various social resources in DPTSD among Israeli war veterans. Social support has been found to buffer the negative effects of various traumatic events (e.g., Hyman, Gold, & Cott, 2003;Hyodo & Morino, enlisted men. It was systematically found to serve as an important buffer against psychic breakdown, both during and following combat (Wright, 1996;Zimmermann, Hahne, Biesold, & Lanczik, 2005), as well as an important predictor of motivation and morale among soldiers (Maguen & Litz, 2006;Rielly, 2000).…”

“…The present study aims to examine the role of various social resources in DPTSD among Israeli war veterans. Social support has been found to buffer the negative effects of various traumatic events (e.g., Hyman, Gold, & Cott, ; Hyodo & Morino, ; Schnoll, Knowles, & Harlow, ), including combat trauma (e.g., Boscarino, ; King et al, ; Koenen, Stellman, Stellman, & Sommer, ). However, when social resources were studied as possible correlates of DPTSD, the results were inconclusive, with some studies showing higher levels of social resources to contribute to the delay in PTSD onset and others failing to find such a connection (e.g., Boscarino & Adams, ).…”