A Study of Manatee Leukocytes Using Peroxidase Stain

Kiehl, Anita R.; Schiller, Christine

doi:10.1111/j.1939-165x.1994.tb00675.x

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Dugong heterophil counts in our study often approximated lymphocyte counts, as has also been observed in Florida manatees; however, heterophils were the predominant circulating leukocyte in approximately one‐third of dugongs. Withstanding some variation in intensity of staining, dugong heterophils appear cytochemically similar to neutrophils in most mammalian species, and to heterophils in manatees and elephants, but are cytochemically dissimilar to heterophils in most avian and reptilian species . Ultrastructural examination of heterophils revealed a heterogeneous granule population predominated by round, oval, or rod‐shaped types, similar to those described for the Florida manatee .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Dugong monocytes were the largest circulating leukocyte and morphologically similar to monocytes of other species. Cytochemically, dugong monocytes lacked the PER and SBB staining reported in monocytes for other species, including manatees and elephants . Low numbers of circulating basophils were seen, and when observed, were well granulated, dissimilar to the reportedly sparsely granulated basophils of manatees .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Hematology of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in southern Queensland

Woolford

Wong

Sneath

et al. 2015

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background: Little is known of the hematology of the dugong (Dugong dugon), a secretive and endangered coastal marine mammal. Objectives: This paper reports hematologic reference intervals (RI) for dugongs and characterizes morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features of dugong leukocytes. Methods: Blood was collected from live, apparently healthy dugongs and analyzed using Cell-Dyn 3700 or Sysmex XT-2000iV hematology analyzers. Blood films were subjected to a series of cytochemical stains, and leukocyte structure was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Reference intervals were established for 14 hematologic variables, total solids, and fibrinogen for 92 dugongs. Significant differences in some variables were found for animal size class, sex, and pregnancy status, and between analyzers. Subadults had higher leukocyte and lymphocyte counts than adults. Males had higher total solids and fibrinogen than females. Pregnant females had higher HCT, MCV, and circulating nucleated RBC, and lower platelet counts than nonpregnant females. Lymphocytes were usually the predominant circulating leukocyte. Heterophil cytoplasmic granules were abundant, fine, round to ovoid, and intensely eosinophilic, and round to ovoid or rod-shaped, and variably electron dense in electron microscopy. Eosinophils contained larger round eosinophilic to orange cytoplasmic granules, which ultrastructurally were bicompartmental with a round eccentric electron-dense core. Cytochemical staining of dugong heterophils suggests biochemical similarity to those of manatees and elephants, and for eosinophils, similarity to those of elephants, ruminants, and equids. Conclusions: Generation of hematologic RI and characterization of leukocyte morphology improves evaluation of dugong health across this population and serves as a reference for other populations outside southern Queensland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Hematology of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in southern Queensland

Woolford

Wong

Sneath

et al. 2015

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…However, blood reference ranges or values can di er among populations of the same species and vary according to age, sex, diet, environment, physiological conditions, and activity level. e hematology and blood chemistry of various Antillean manatee populations have been documented for Guyana [7], Mexico [8], Belize [9,10], Brazil [11][12][13][14], and for the Florida subspecies (T. manatus latirostris) [6,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. However, this has not been ascertained for Antillean manatees inhabiting the Greater Antilles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Reference Intervals for Antillean Manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) from Puerto Rico

Mignucci‐Giannoni

Alsina-Guerrero

2022

Veterinary Medicine International

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Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) are endangered throughout the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean coast of Central and South America, the Greater Antilles, and the northeastern coast of South America to Brazil. Establishing blood reference intervals is essential as a tool in classifying health status, diagnosing, establishing treatment regimens, and monitoring the progress of a disease in rescued manatees. We collected blood samples from 44 free-ranging and 26 rescued manatees from Puerto Rico between 1992 and 2020 for hematology and blood chemistry analysis. We obtained values for white blood cell count and red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width. A manual leukocyte differential allowed for the evaluation of different cell types. In addition, we performed a comprehensive metabolic panel on serum samples. These analytes were grouped based on six physiologic processes: liver-associated enzymes and pigments; muscle-associated enzymes; kidney-associated compounds and products; sugars, lipids, and pancreatic-associated enzymes; proteins; and electrolytes. For every parameter, summary statistics of values were calculated on all the samples. Reference ranges were determined as ±1 standard deviation around the mean. An unpaired two-sample T-test was done comparing males versus females and adults versus calves for any significant differences ( p ≤ 0.05 ). We establish the reference intervals of hematology and blood chemistry for the population of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico and compare them with those established for manatees from Belize, Brazil, Florida, Guyana, and Mexico.

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“…PMNs of most marine mammals have round to oval granules that either do not stain or stain as pale pink within heterophilic granulocytes using Wright-Giemsa [75,77]. These heterophilic granules contain myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are also typical terrestrial mammalian PMN-derived antimicrobial proteins, identified in PMNs of humans, horses, cattle, goats, and dogs [80,81,82,83,84].…”

Section: Cetacean/pinniped Leukocytes Of the Innate Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pinniped- and Cetacean-Derived ETosis Contributes to Combating Emerging Apicomplexan Parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum) Circulating in Marine Environments

Villagra-Blanco

Silva

Conejeros

et al. 2019

Biology

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Leukocytes play a major role in combating infections either by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial granules, or extracellular trap (ET) formation. ET formation is preceded by a certain leukocyte cell death form, known as ETosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the innate immune system also observed in marine mammals. Besides several biomolecules and microbial stimuli, marine mammal ETosis is also trigged by various terrestrial protozoa and metazoa, considered nowadays as neozoan parasites, which are circulating in oceans worldwide and causing critical emerging marine diseases. Recent studies demonstrated that pinniped- and cetacean-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes are able to form different phenotypes of ET structures composed of nuclear DNA, histones, and cytoplasmic peptides/proteases against terrestrial apicomplexan parasites, e.g., Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Detailed molecular analyses and functional studies proved that marine mammal PMNs and monocytes cast ETs in a similar way as terrestrial mammals, entrapping and immobilizing T. gondii and N. caninum tachyzoites. Pinniped- and cetacean leukocytes induce vital and suicidal ETosis, with highly reliant actions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and combined mechanisms of myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase (NE), and DNA citrullination via peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PAD4).This scoping review intends to summarize the knowledge on emerging protozoans in the marine environment and secondly to review limited data about ETosis mechanisms in marine mammalian species.

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A Study of Manatee Leukocytes Using Peroxidase Stain

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Hematology of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in southern Queensland

Hematology of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in southern Queensland

Blood Reference Intervals for Antillean Manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) from Puerto Rico

Pinniped- and Cetacean-Derived ETosis Contributes to Combating Emerging Apicomplexan Parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum) Circulating in Marine Environments

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