A study of impurities found in methamphetamine synthesized from ephedrine

Cantrell, Thomas S.; John, Boban K; Johnson, L. F.; Allen, Andrew C.

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(88)90116-8

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Many papers have been published on the profiling of amphetamine [3,4,5,6,7,8,9], methamphetamine [10,11,12,13,14,15], cocaine [16,17,18] and heroin [19,20,21,22]. For MDMA, some workers have reported impurities or by-products [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31], and techniques like Raman spectroscopy [32] or isotope ratio mass spectrometry [33] have been used to link seized tablets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Impurity profiles of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) tablets seized in France have been examined. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride under basic conditions and then analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Almost 30 compounds were identified as precursors, intermediates and by-products. Palmitic and stearic acid were also found as tableting materials. The comparison of the different profiles obtained by the reported procedure provided very useful information about the synthetic processes used by clandestine laboratories and enabled a classification into several groups of profiles. According to these results, the reductive amination route appears to be the most common synthetic pathway in Western Europe. Furthermore, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone seems to be the most used precursor in clandestine laboratories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…They can be classified mainly into two categories according to the precursors, 1-phenyl-2-propanone [4][5][6][7] and ephedrine compounds [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Both are generally used as precursors, and the latter is more widely used in the clandestine laboratories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the impurities in the methamphetamine synthesized by three different methods from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

Lee

Han

Lee

et al. 2006

Forensic Science International

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“…Chloroephedrine has been reported to be present in varying levels in clandestinely synthesized methamphetamine (Allen and Kiser, 1987;Cantrell et al, 1988;Noggle et al, 1986;Skinner, 1990) and has been observed in some forensic samples (Noggle et al, 1986). An anecdotal report suggests that chloroephedrine impurities can be present in methamphetamine manufactured by 'unscrupulous and/or unskilled' chemists and that these impurities 'ruin the finer aspects of the meth high' (Fester, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds have been shown to cyclize to cis-or trans-1, 2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridines. These intermediates, including the aziridines, are present in clandestinely synthesized methamphetamine (Allen and Kiser, 1987;Cantrell et al, 1988;Noggle et al, 1986;Skinner, 1990), but no quantitative data is included in those reports. However, in one of the reports the chromatogram of a forensic sample showed that similar amounts of methamphetamine and chloroephedrine were present (Noggle et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroephedrine: contaminant of methamphetamine synthesis with cardiovascular activity

Varner¹,

Hein²,

Ogden³

et al. 2001

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Chloroephedrine is an intermediate and possible contaminant formed when methamphetamine is manufactured using ephedrine or pseudoephedrine as precursors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this contaminant has biological activity and might contribute to methamphetamine-induced cardiovascular toxicity. In conscious rats, the ( − ) and ( + ) isomers of chloroephedrine (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). The potency of the pressor effects of ( −) and (+)-chloroephedrine was between that of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. The increases in HR elicited by the four stimulants were similar except that the tachycardia elicited by all doses of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were preceded by a brief decrease in HR. The i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg of (+ ) or (− )-chloroephedrine produced biphasic (decrease followed by increase) the MAP and HR responses. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine did not decrease MAP at any dose tested. The initial decrease in HR elicited by ( − )-chloroephedrine was significantly reduced and the hypotensive response abolished by atropine, indicating that these components of the MAP and HR responses resulted from vagal activation. The secondary pressor response elicited by ( − )-chloroephedrine was significantly reduced and the tachycardia significantly increased by pretreatment with phentolamine (3 mg/kg, i.v.). The increase in HR was reversed by propranolol. These results indicate that ( − ) and (+)-chloroephedrine have sympathomimetic properties similar to other known sympathomimetic stimulants. In addition, larger doses of chloroephedrine can activate the vagus nerve. The combination of ( +)-methamphetamine and ( −)-chloroephedrine did not markedly alter the magnitude of the MAP and HR responses of ( + )-methamphetamine alone except at high doses of ( −)-chloroephedrine (10 mg/kg). Contamination of illicit methamphetamine with chloroephedrine may have toxic consequences.

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A study of impurities found in methamphetamine synthesized from ephedrine

Cited by 60 publications

References 7 publications

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Analysis of the impurities in the methamphetamine synthesized by three different methods from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

Chloroephedrine: contaminant of methamphetamine synthesis with cardiovascular activity

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