A Study of Equilibrium Reactions in the Leclanché Dry Cell

McMurdie, Howard F.; Craig, D. Norman; Vinal, G. W.

doi:10.1149/1.3071763

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…This suggestion is in agreement with the data of McMurdie, et al(9), based on their equilibrium studies. True equilibrium conditions may not often occur in an operating dry cell cathode due to the important part played by diffusion of anodically produced zinc chloride in influencing the cathode pH.…”

supporting

confidence: 94%

“…* This, of 8 Open-circuit potential measurements, made during a momentary breaking of the circuit, probably included considerable polarization and so were not obtained under true equilibrium conditions. 9 In a representative test lasting 102 min, the electroreduction of Mn Iv to Mn II would have accounted for 0.1883 g of manganese (as chloride) in the effluent solution. The amount of Mn II determined by actual analysis was 0.1897 g. course, means a valence change of 2, which, since the electrolyte pH was 3.85, would be in accordance with the 0.12 slope of the pH-potential relationship descriped by McMurdie, et al (9), rather than with the 0.06 value of Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Electrochemical Evaluation of Manganese Dioxide for Dry Battery Use

Cahoon¹

1952

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The factors governing the electrochemical behavior of manganese dioxide in dry cells have never been adequately correlated with the usual physical and chemical properties of this material. Two tests are described, (a) determination of the pH-potential relation in zinc and ammonium chloride electrolyte and (b) determination of the "utilization factor," i.e.(the extent of cathodic reduction in a continuous stream of fresh electrolyte. In combination, these give valuable information regarding the general suitability of a sample for dry cell use and afford a partial measure of intrinsic depolarizer capacity, heretofore not obtainable by other th~n actual battery tests.

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supporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electrochemical Evaluation of Manganese Dioxide for Dry Battery Use

Cahoon¹

1952

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…in the dry-cell bobbin (10,11). They also can be formed by the reduction of MnO~ by Mn +* (12), and this is considered by Cahoon, Johnson, and Korver (13) to be the mechanism by which they are formed in the Leclanch6 cell. It seems highly probable that this reaction did not take place to an appreciable extent in the present experiments.…”

Section: Preparation and Discharge Of Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Experiments on the Discharge Mechanism of the Manganese Dioxide Electrode

Vosburgh¹,

Lou²

1961

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Complete discharge curves of electrodeposited a-and ~-MnO~ electrodes in an electrolyte of pH 7.5 are compared. Oxide on the electrode at the end of discharge had the composition MnOL57 for 7-and MnO~.GG for a-MnO~.. In the later portions of both discharges the rate of increase of Mn § in the electrolyte is equivalent to the current. The effect of larger concentrations of Mn § in the electrolyte on the discharge curve is shown. A method is developed for the dissolving of surface oxides from a partially or wholly discharged electrode and measuring Mn (II) and Mn (III). The amounts recovered were only a small fraction of Mn(IV) reduced even when no Mn ++ was appearing in solution.

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“…The main Mn-containing phase found after discharge was hetaerolite (ZnMn 2 O 4 ) in which the valence of Mn is 3. A smaller amount of ZnCl 2· 4Zn(OH) 2 was also found [15,16]. …”

Section: Historical Developmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Phase equilibria and crystallography of ceramic oxides

Wong‐Ng

Roth

Vanderah

et al. 2001

J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.

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Research in phase equilibria and crystallography has been a tradition in the Ceramics Division at National Bureau of Standards/National Institute of Standatrds and Technology (NBS/NIST) since the early thirties. In the early years, effort was concentrated in areas of Portland cement, ceramic glazes and glasses, instrument bearings, and battery materials. In the past 40 years, a large portion of the work was related to electronic materials, including ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, ionic conductors, dielectrics, microwave dielectrics, and high-temperature superconductors. As a result of the phase equilibria studies, many new compounds have been discovered. Some of these discoveries have had a significant impact on US industry. Structure determinations of these new phases have often been carried out as a joint effort among NBS/NIST colleagues and also with outside collaborators using both single crystal and neutron and x-ray powder diffraction techniques. All phase equilibria diagrams were included in Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, which are collaborative publications between The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) and NBS/NIST. All x-ray powder diffraction patterns have been included in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF). This article gives a brief account of the history of the development of the phase equilibria and crystallographic research on ceramic oxides in the Ceramics Division. Represented systems, particularly electronic materials, are highlighted.

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A Study of Equilibrium Reactions in the Leclanché Dry Cell

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

An Electrochemical Evaluation of Manganese Dioxide for Dry Battery Use

An Electrochemical Evaluation of Manganese Dioxide for Dry Battery Use

Experiments on the Discharge Mechanism of the Manganese Dioxide Electrode

Phase equilibria and crystallography of ceramic oxides

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