“…As a typical case of the world’s largest cities, chronic traffic jams and commuting hell have been a persistent feature of Tokyo since 1960s. Tokyo has a good transportation network, which connects the urban and suburban locations, and enables the city population to commute long distances (Nozawa and Higuchi 2001 ). Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the center of politics, economy, imperial family, and media; it is unlike other capitals that separate political functions from the economic zones like Canberra in Australia, Brasilia in Brazil, and Washington DC in the United States.…”