“…The analysis of pigment plays a crucial role in the conservation of ancient architectural paintings. A variety of analytical techniques have been employed for characterizing the inorganic materials of the paintings, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. For instance, Zelinská, J. et al [ 14 ] used optical microscopy, XRF, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR to identify chalk, cinnabar, lead-tin yellow, cerussite (lead white), malachite, azurite, an iron oxide, and fluorite.…”