A Study of Association in Insanity

Kent, Grace H.; Rosanoff, A. J.

doi:10.1176/ajp.67.2.317

Cited by 133 publications

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“…Later word association studies based on Bleuler's ideas have found that responses of schizophrenia patients to a stimulus word are often bizarre, idiosyncratic, and without expected context (Jung, 1909;Kent and Rosonoff, 1910;Moran et al, 1964;Shakow, 1980;Goldberg and Weinberger, 2000) and that the patients have specific deficits in the organization of semantic memory (Davis et al, 1995;Paulsen et al, 1996). This explanatory framework is in agreement with physiological and cognitive theories of schizophrenia that have conceptualized underlying disorganization as a consequence of overprocessing of relevant information, which enables to explain positive symptoms of schizophrenia as a compensatory mechanism of a disordered information processing system (Carr and Wale, 1986;Lee et al, 2003;Bob, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consciousness, awareness of insight and neural mechanisms of schizophrenia

Touskova

Bob²

2015

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractAccording to recent research, disturbances of self-awareness and conscious experience have a critical role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and in this context, schizophrenia is currently understood as a disorder characterized by distortions of acts of awareness, self-consciousness, and self-monitoring. Together, these studies suggest that the processes of disrupted awareness and conscious disintegration in schizophrenia might be related and represented by similar disruptions on the brain level, which, in principle, could be explained by various levels of disturbed connectivity and information disintegration that may negatively affect usual patterns of synchronous activity constituting adaptive integrative functions of consciousness. On the other hand, mental integration based on self-awareness and insight may significantly increase information integration and directly influence neural mechanisms underlying basic pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consciousness, awareness of insight and neural mechanisms of schizophrenia

Touskova

Bob²

2015

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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“…In an early study Kent and Rosonoff (1910) found that institutionalized patients with dementia praecox made fewer common responses, but more idiosyncratic or distant responses to a target stimulus. Shakow (1980) found that for schizophrenic patients 34% of responses to stimulus words were idiosyncratic, while for normals only 7% of responses were ''abnormal''.…”

Section: Word Association Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Reappraisal of Older Formulations and an Overview of Some Recent Studies

Goldberg

Weinberger

2000

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

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Introduction. Formal thought disorder, as manifested in disorganised speech, is a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. Method. In this review we examine several older explanations of thought disorder and consider newer cognitive accounts. Results. Older formulations often were not mechanistic and simply redescribed the phenomenon under study. Direct comparisons of thought-disordered schizophrenic patients and jargon aphasic patients indicated that the groups were not similar, as they differed on a number of language variables, including naming and comprehension. Later attentional models also had limitations. Correlations between thought disorder and ''attentional'' measures were often only moderate and the tests or scales used to assess attention or thought disorder may not have accurately measured these constructs. Recent working memory models have lacked convergent validity in that patients with frontal lobe damage and working memory problems do not exhibit thought disorder and that single word association and priming studies elicit abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, findings at odds with the view that thought disorder is a discourse planning problem.In our own series of studies we found compelling evidence that thought disorder may be related to various impairments in semantic processing. These impairments were especially evident on semantic fluency tasks. In fact it was the latter, rather than working memory or attentional tests, that predicted thought disorder. Moreover, we were able to provide a mechanistic account of thought disorder based on qualitative abnormalities in semantic priming paradigms. Conclusions. Patients with thought disorder displayed lack of priming for highly associated within-category words, suggesting that they could not access them in a timely and semantically relevant manner. The literature also has implications for understanding cognitive architecture. Although vocabulary and naming abilities were relatively normal in schizophrenic patients, cognitive maps of semantic space, as determined by multidimensional scaling analyses, indicated disorganisation among semantic entities. These results imply that the size of the lexicon is dissociable from the organisation of the lexicon. In schizophrenia in particular it appears that the latter, rather than the former, is more perturbed.Requestsfor reprintsshould be sent to Dr Terry E. Goldberg, Clinical Brain DisordersBranch, NIMH,

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“…Even Bleuler, who introduced the term schizophrenia for Kraepelin's dementia praecox syndrome, thought that "splitting" in schizophrenia results from a disturbance of associations (Bleuler, 1911(Bleuler, /1955. Based on Bleuler's ideas, a series of studies of word associations found that responses to word stimuli in schizophrenia patients are often bizarre, idiosyncratic and without expected context (Jung, 1909;Kent and Rosonoff, 1910;Moran et al, 1964;Shakow, 1980;Goldberg and Weinberger, 2000). A well-studied cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is impaired verbal fluency, probably caused by dysfunction in access to lexical information (Allen et al, 1993;Himelhoch et al, 1996;Vinogradov et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%