Remarkable advances in cancer prevention, early diagnosis and treatment occurred during the second half of the 20th century, particularly in the field of cervical cancer. Increasingly, progress in the field of cervical cancer has been in molecular medicine, in particular the association between the human papilloma virus (HPV) and lower genital tract cancers. Sadly, however, disparities in health care between rich and poor communities continue to increase. Half a million new cases of cervical cancer occur in the world each year, of which more than 80% are in less developed countries. It is our challenge to address these inequalities. This paper will address the development of our knowledge and understanding of the cause, natural history and prevention of the common lower genital tract cancers. The clinical observations and techniques that provided the basis of our past knowledge and practice may, in low resource settings, provide methods which have a place in cervical cancer prevention today.Most papers on the epidemiology of cervical cancer mention the work of Rigoni-Stern, a mid-19th century Padua surgeon who noted that the ratio of deaths from breast cancer to deaths from cancer of the womb was far greater in nuns (and single women) than in other women.