A Stress Repair Mechanism That Maintains Vertebrate Structure During Stress

Abstract

Based on Capillary Gate Theory and Tissue Repair Theory, this paper describes the "Stress Repair Mechanism" (SRM) that maintains and repairs vertebrate tissues. It accounts for most of the mysterious manifestations of allostasis that remain unexplained by Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis (HPA) hormones and thereby enables the Universal Theory of Medicine predicted by Hans Selye. SRM activity explains hemodynamic physiology, capillary hemostasis, infarction, Korotkoff sounds, blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, allostasis, allostatic load, anesthesia, analgesia, atherosclerosis, apoptosis, malignancy, eclampsia, sepsis, Multi-System Organ Failure (MSOF), the surgical stress syndrome, the fight or flight response, and numerous other manifestations of physiology and pathology. SRM function comprises the autonomic nervous system, the vascular endothelium, and the dynamic enzymatic interaction of blood-borne hepatic Factors VII, VIIIC, IX and X that produces thrombin, soluble fibrin and insoluble fibrin, whose combined effects account for all SRM manifestations. The vascular endothelium is a diaphanous neuroendocrine organ that lines all blood vessels and is the sole constituent of capillary walls. It secretes tissue factor into extravascular tissues, and insulates those tissues from the hepatic enzymes, so that tissue disruption exposes tissue factor to the enzymatic interaction and activates tissue repair. The vascular endothelium also releases nitric oxide and von Willebrand Factor into blood in accord with autonomic balance to regulate the enzymatic interaction to govern tissue perfusion and organ function. Therefore, continuously fluctuating combinations of nervous stimuli that affect autonomic balance and forces that disrupt tissues determine SRM activity.

Refined biomimetic model of chronic pain is healed with erythropoietin

“…This refined method supports the 3Rs initiative for the humane use of animals, and is clinically relevant. A biomimetic mononeuritis can be induced by stimulating the physiology of tissue repair (119,120). This tissue reaction after trauma is an encoded orchestrated response in the peripheral nervous system, as in all vertebrate soft tissues.…”

“…The occult lesion in our model demonstrates a "pathological discontinuity" with a "loss of function" (116,117), meeting both the medical definitions of lesions (107,108). Such a lesion can be induced by tissue repair (125,126). This tissue reaction after trauma is an encoded response, the same in all soft tissues, including the peripheral nervous system.…”

The refined biomimetic NeuroDigm GEL™ model of neuropathic pain in a mature rat

“…The soft tissue reaction in our model uses the encoded response that occurs after any tissue injury in all vertebrates 93, 94 , therefore, many neuropathic pain syndromes may be considered as a soft tissue disease. The last stage of the tissue repair process is fibrosis or remodeling ( S1) 95 , which may be a unifying etiology in many complex neuropathic pain syndromes.…”

Four Forgotten Giants of Anesthesia History

“…The habit of hyperventilation has derailed anesthesia theory development for more than 70 years, but the recent discovery and description of Selye's mammalian stress mechanism confers a fresh theory of anesthesia that corroborates, clariies, and extends Crile's observations [2,131,137] . Surgical stress activates Selye's mechanism via three pathways that synergistically activate coagulation Factors VII and VIII, causing the surgical stress syndrome: 1.…”