The last two authors contributed equally in co-supervising the project and conducting experiments. The second and last authors began this project originally as part of their graduate theses.
ROLE OF AUTHORSEDJ, CCC, and KW performed experiments, quantifications, analyses, and wrote the article; JY, AP, CCC performed the computational analyses; MVR, HH, GF, OW, SCJ, ERJ, LK, SB, and ME performed gene expression experiments. SCJ also generated the 3D images and movies. AEPP processed and quantified images. CS and EH processed tissues and performed cell density measurements. HM helped co-supervise experiments.Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Detailed histological data from this article are available as virtual slides or whole-slide images using Biolucida Cloud image streaming technology from MBF Bioscience. The collection can be accessed at http://Wiley.Biolucida.net/JCN521-16Jarvis_Chen. All supporting figures and videos are located at: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/hl97l6a5zzxo54o/0MVQw0_epr NIH Public Access
AbstractBased on quantitative cluster analyses of 52 constitutively expressed or behaviorally regulated genes in 23 brain regions, we present a global view of telencephalic organization of birds. The patterns of constitutively expressed genes revealed a partial mirror image organization of three major cell populations that wrap above, around, and below the ventricle and adjacent lamina through the mesopallium. The patterns of behaviorally regulated genes revealed functional columns of activation across boundaries of these cell populations, reminiscent of columns through layers of the mammalian cortex. The avian functionally regulated columns were of two types: those above the ventricle and associated mesopallial lamina, formed by our revised dorsal mesopallium, hyperpallium, and intercalated hyperpallium; and those below the ventricle, formed by our revised ventral mesopallium, nidopallium, and intercalated nidopallium. Based on these findings and known connectivity, we propose that the avian pallium has four major cell populations similar to those in mammalian cortex and some parts of the amygdala: 1) a primary sensory input population (intercalated pallium); 2) a secondary intrapallial population (nidopallium/hyperpallium); 3) a tertiary intrapallial population (mesopallium); and 4) a quaternary output population (the arcopallium). Each population contributes portions to columns that control different sensory or motor systems. We suggest that this organization of cell groups forms by expansion of contiguous developmental cell domains that wrap around the lateral ventricle and its extension through the middle of the mesopallium. We believe that the position of the lateral ventricle and its associated mesopallium lamina has resulted in a conceptual barrier to recognizing related cell groups across its border, thereby confounding our understanding of homologies with mammals.
INDEXING TERMSforebrain; brain pathways; brain organization; neural activity; motor b...