A Stream Habitat Classification System for Beaver

The role of forage availability on diet choice and body condition in American beavers (Castor canadensis)

“…Smith and Peterson (1988) found 47% of wolf scats in VNP contained beaver remains, and Gogan et al (2004) found beaver remains in 7% of winter wolf scats, and 35% of summer scats. Aquatic vegetation appears to be a supplemental food source for beavers, and may allow colonies to persist in 'poor' habitat (Howard and Larson, 1985), or where predators are relatively abundant (e.g., in VNP; Gogan et al, 2004).…”

Characteristics of Lotic Ecosystems and Consequences for Future Research Directions

“…(After data from Backhaus 1967Backhaus ,1968Czernin-{:hudenitz 1966;Ellenberg 1982;Gessner 1955Gessner , 1959Haedrick 1983;Hesse 1924;Krause 1976;Lauterborn 1916-18;Mordukhai-Boltovskoi 1979;MUller 1951;Runge 1980;Schmitz 1961;Schulz 1961;Statzner and Higler 1986;Weber-Gldecop 1970/71;Wiegleb 1984) basic pattern of stream hydraulics from the source to the mouth of a stream can be changed through biological activities in certain areas, e.g., through beaver dams (Cummings et al 1984). However, density of beaver colonies itself is influenced by stream hydraulics (see Howard and Larson 1985).…”

Distribution and patterns of spread of recolonising Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber Linnaeus 1758) in fragmented habitat, Agdenes peninsula, Norway

“…Continuity from the 1970s with the earlier population must be strongly suspected, the alternative explanation being a repeat long-distance recolonisation from the study area, this time involving two watershed crossings or a long movement through Orkdalsfjorden before entering the Orkla. Dispersal into the Orkla from the Glomma watershed to the east (recolonised NE of Røros from Swedish watersheds from the later 1960s (Hartman 1995), and spreading throughout the Glomma 1975-1985(Bevanger 1995), is also possible from the 1970s and later. The species recolonised the main Orkla river away from the Ulsberg-Voll section only from the later 1990s, and is still at relatively low densities on tributaries (see Torp 2000a, 2000b, and Bonvik & Rønning 2006 for a review of historical data).…”

“…Drainage is via many small watersheds draining separately into fjords or the sea and usually divided from each other by steep ridges, but with low-gradient cols between them in places (as a result of previous glacial action). Rivers and streams are mainly well over 2% in average gradient, the gradient above which beavers rarely establish territories (Slough & Sadleir 1977;Howard & Larson 1985;Beier & Barrett 1987;Zurowski 1992;Rosell & Pedersen 1999;Hartman & Törnlöv 2006;Nyssen et al 2011), with frequent cataracts and waterfalls. Coasts and fjord sides are in most places very steep or precipitous.…”