A stratigraphic and taxonomic atlas of Bolboforma (Protophytes, incertae sedis, Tertiary)

Middle Eocene to Early Pliocene Bolboforma (Algae?) from the Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Indian Ocean

“…Our taxonomic concept is based on Qvale and Spiegler (1989), , and Spiegler and von Daniels (1991). All the species documented and figured in this study (Plates 1 and 2) are briefly described in and Qvale and Spiegler (1989) and fully described and taxonomically discussed in Spiegler and von Daniels (1991).…”

The position of the Rupelian/Chattian boundary in the southern Upper Rhine Graben based on new records of microfossils

“…3/2). The main difference between them lies in a more regular, hexagonal reticulation of B. latdorfensis than seen in B. irregularis (see von Daniels and Spiegler 1974;Pallant and Kaminski 1989;Spiegler and von Daniels 1991;Mackensen and Spiegler 1992;Spiegler and Spezzaferri 2005).…”

Methods

“…Bolboformids are an extinct group of microfossils that have generally been interpreted as phytoplanktonic organisms (Spiegler and von Daniels, 1991), although oxygen isotope data from the analysis of bolboformid shells (Poag and Karowe, 1986;Spiegler and Erlenkeuser, 2001) suggest that bolboformids spent at least part of their life cycles below the photic zone in the mid-to lower levels of the water column. Bolboformids are generally made up of a hollow, single-spheroidal or subspheroidal chamber with a wall composed of monocrystalline calcite.…”

“…Because of their small size, simple form, and often highly ornamented shells, bolboformids have commonly been misidentified as simple single-chambered foraminifers. They are important index fossils that supplement calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal zonations in mid-to high-latitude regions of Europe, the Atlantic, the southern Indian Ocean, and the southwest Pacific (Spiegler and von Daniels, 1991;Spiegler and Müller, 1992;Crundwell and Nelson, 2007).…”

“…The taxonomic classification scheme for Neogene bolboformids adopted during Expedition 317 follows Spiegler and von Daniels (1991), Spiegler (1999), and the intraspecific morphological variation of Crundwell et al (2005). All bolboformid events in the Southwest Pacific were age calibrated to the geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) at Site 1123 (Crundwell and Nelson, 2007).…”