A strategy to achieve high energy storage performance under a relatively low electric field in NBT-based ceramics

Ultrahigh energy-storage density of a lead-free 0.85Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.15Ca(Nb0.5Al0.5)O3 ceramic under low electric fields

“…This is attributed to the decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration due to the substitution of volatile cations (Bi 3+ and Na + ) by non-volatile ions (Ca 2+ ). 30 As can be seen from Table 1, all (1 − x)BNT-xCNA ceramic samples show good relative densities (>95%). E b is approximately proportional to the average number of grain boundary potentials (E b / 1 ffiffi ffi G p ), which is defined by the grain size.…”

“…This is attributed to the decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration due to the substitution of volatile cations (Bi 3+ and Na + ) by non-volatile ions (Ca 2+ ). 30 It is well known that the band gap ( E g ) is an important factor in determining the insulating properties of ceramics. 30 Thus, the ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra of ceramics were collected.…”

“…10 In general, the dopant causes the weakening of the strong polar phase of the matrix and the generation of the non-polar phase, which can only enhance the polarity and P max at high electric fields, resulting in higher W rec and η. 30 To date, the enhancement of energy storage under low electric field conditions has been investigated inadequately. Compared with single ion doping, composite ion substitution is a feasible way to achieve high W rec and η at low electric fields.…”

“…Compared with single ion doping, composite ion substitution is a feasible way to achieve high W rec and η at low electric fields. 11,12,30 The local random field caused by charge and ion radius imbalance disrupts the long-range ferroelectric order and produces PNRs. The shift of the B-site cation under the electric field facilitates the enhancement of polarization.…”

“…10 In general, the dopant causes the weakening of the strong polar phase of the matrix and the generation of the non-polar phase, which can only enhance the polarity and P max at high electric fields, resulting in higher W rec and η . 30…”