A Strategy for the Simplification and Solution of Complex Chromatographic Analysis Problems Utilizing Two-Dimensional Mapping of Retention Indexes Followed by Computer Modeling of Heart Cuts from Serially Coupled Columns Containing Different Stationary Phases

Annino, Raymond; Villalobos, Richard

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19991001)22:10<589::aid-jhrc589>3.0.co;2-f

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

1999

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19991001)22:10<589::aid-jhrc589>3.0.co;2-f

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A Strategy for the Simplification and Solution of Complex Chromatographic Analysis Problems Utilizing Two-Dimensional Mapping of Retention Indexes Followed by Computer Modeling of Heart Cuts from Serially Coupled Columns Containing Different Stationary Phases

Raymond Annino

Richard Villalobos

Abstract: The analysis of four components in a mixture containing many possible interferents is simplified by heart‐cutting serially connected columns containing stationary phases of widely different polarities. The design of the proper lengths of the two columns and timing the heart‐cuts is accomplished with the aid of a computer simulation of the problem. The computer program calculates the proper lengths of column to produce the shortest analysis time and also outputs the predicted chromatograms from both columns. Th… Show more

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Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Bertsch

1999

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

185

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The writer of this review published in 1978 a three‐part article on two‐dimensional gas chromatography in the first three issues of this journal [1]. The review was written at a time when capillary column GC was still in its infancy. Commercial columns were (essentially) unavailable and sample introduction into capillary columns was done exclusively in the split mode. Two‐dimensional separations were explored in only a few laboratories. The limitations of capillary column technology made this exercise rather difficult. The introduction of fused silica capillary columns in the early eighties drastically changed the landscape in which gas chromatography was practiced. It took the chromatographic community just a few years to convert from packed columns to capillary columns. Instrumentation and accessories specifically designed for capillary column use came onto the market. This writer had great hopes that the revolution in capillary column GC would be mirrored in the development of instrumentation for Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. This never materialized. On the contrary, tentative steps taken by a few manufacturers and suppliers of chromatographic equipment fizzled out. It was perhaps the introduction of relatively inexpensive and user friendly GC/MS instrumentation, in combination with nearly indestructible fused silica capillary columns that took away the incentive to develop commercially viable Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Much of the thinking went like this: why insist on good chromatography if mass spectrometry can do the job without the need for complete separation. Some progress in the further development of conventional Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography has certainly been made over the last 20 years but there has not been a great deal of excitement. Applications have also been relatively sparse and they are limited to just a few areas. Science does not remain static and chromatography is no exception. Progress in gas chromatography is driven by new technology and ideas. Substantial improvements in two‐dimensional GC were not forthcoming until Phillips and his research group introduced and implemented an entirely new form of Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography, called comprehensive two‐dimensional GC, or GC×GC. This breakthrough occurred only in 1991 [2]. It does take some time before scientists change attitudes and habits. There is always a time lag between the introduction of new technology and its general acceptance. The public's attitude toward comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography is probably no exception. The number of scientists who are actively pursuing this new branch of gas chromatography is still very small. It is often a single individual who carries the torch. J.B. Phillips' name is synonymous with comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. He is not only its inventor and proponent but his fertile mind has initiated research in other related areas. Sadly, he passed away shortly before this review was written. This contribution is dedicated to his memory.

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Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Bertsch

1999

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

185

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High resolution essential oil analysis by using comprehensive gas chromatographic methodology

Marriott

Shellie

Fergeus³

et al. 2000

Flavour & Fragrance J

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The new technique of comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC) is applied to the analysis of Vetiver essential oil, and the complex nature of the oil components is readily displayed in a two‐dimension separation space. The GC×GC method involves the use of two directly coupled columns, with a cryogenic modulation system at their confluence; this allows coeluting peaks from the first column to be zone compressed and pulsed rapidly into the second column and separated. Greater sensitivity of detection is also obtained. Results show that the earlier eluting components from the gas chromatography analysis have similar chemical nature in respect of component polarity, being of low‐to‐moderate polarity. Later eluting compounds appear to be more popular, and are presumably of an oxygenated nature. Many of these show extensive co‐elution, with up to 6–8 overlapping compounds on the first column. These results clearly demonstrate that the complexity of essential oils is much greater than that which might be suspected from single column GC analysis, and also suggest that GC–MS analysis with peak deconvolution capabilities will still probably not be able to adequately identify the interfering components. With GC×GC, minor constituents in the presence of larger components may still be well characterized and quantitated, and from the chromatographic retention patterns their chemical nature might be indicated; this would be aided by establishing the retention behaviour of known compounds. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A Strategy for the Simplification and Solution of Complex Chromatographic Analysis Problems Utilizing Two-Dimensional Mapping of Retention Indexes Followed by Computer Modeling of Heart Cuts from Serially Coupled Columns Containing Different Stationary Phases

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

High resolution essential oil analysis by using comprehensive gas chromatographic methodology

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