A straightforward, validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of nine drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair and nails

Abstract

Hair and nails allow for a stable accumulation of compounds over time and retrospective investigation of past exposure and/or consumption. Owing to their long window of detection (weeks to months), analysis of these matrices can provide information complementary to blood and urine analysis or can be used in standalone when e.g. elimination from the body has already occurred. Drugs of abuse are often used together and, therefore, multi-analyte methods capable of detecting several substances and their metabolites in a single run are of importance. This paper presents the development and validation of a method based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection of nine drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair and nails. We focused on a simple and straightforward sample preparation to reduce costs, and allow application in routine laboratory practice. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters, such as column type, mobile phase, and multiple reaction monitoring transitions were optimized. The method was validated according to the European Medicine Agency guidelines with an assessment of specificity, limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over, matrix effects, recovery, and process efficiency. Linearity ranged from 25 to 20 000 pg mg hair and from 50 to 20 000 pg mg nails, and the lowest calibration point achieved the requirements for the LOQ (25 pg mg for hair and 50 pg mg for nails). Although it was not the main focus of the article, the reliability of the method was proven through successful participation in a proficiency test, and by investigation of authentic hair and nail samples from self-reported drug users. In the future, the method should allow comparison between the two matrices to acquire an in-depth knowledge of nail analysis and to define cutoff levels for nail analysis, as they exist for hair.

Keratinous matrices for the assessment of drugs of abuse consumption: A correlation study between hair and nails

“…28 Briefly, hair and nail samples were subsequently decontaminated, pulverised, extracted, and filtered. 28 Briefly, hair and nail samples were subsequently decontaminated, pulverised, extracted, and filtered.…”

“…The sample preparation and the liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were performed according to a previously validated method. 28 Briefly, hair and nail samples were subsequently decontaminated, pulverised, extracted, and filtered. Finally, the extracts were analysed on an LC system (Agilent Infinity 1200, Diegem, Belgium) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent 6410 MS, Diegem, Belgium).…”

Opioid Use in Pregnant Women and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome—A Review of the Literature

“…Shen et al [50] described a method capable of detecting morphine, acetylcodeine, codeine, heroin, and 6-acetylmorphine in 20 mg samples of nails. Cappelle et al [51] proposed a multimethod that analyses 12 drugs using 20 mg of sample as well.…”

Hair as an alternative matrix to monitor human exposure to plasticizers – Development of a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method

“…In our study, a mild washing procedure was adopted based on a method developed by Cappelle et al [46]. for the extraction and analysis of illicit drug metabolites in hair.…”