A Stochastic Geometry Approach to EMF Exposure Modeling

Gontier, Quentin; Petrillo, Lucas; Rottenberg, François; Horlin, François; Wiart, Joe; Oestges, Claude; Doncker, Philippe De

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3091804

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Finally, stochastic geometry has proved to be a reliable methodology to mathematically model the deployment of base stations that were unplanned, such as the Small Cells, which were instead deployed ad hoc to increase connectivity at hotspots or provide connectivity where no MCell was available [13]. There are some works that, through stochastic geometry, study the EMF assessment, [14] and [15], but they do not consider any sort of EMF mitigation or optimization. Several techniques to reduce the EMF while maximizing the performance of the network can be used in current wireless networks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMF-Aware User Association Optimization in 5G Networks

Pardo,

Estrada-Jimenez,

Faye

2024

IEEE Access

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Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) is one of the main concerns on current mobile wireless deployments, due to the use of active antenna systems and the increase of users connected simultaneously to these systems. In this paper, we evaluate the achievable rate resulting from simultaneous connections from multiple users, along with the signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., SNR), considering existing regulatory constraints on EMF, which is the subject of limitations in several countries. Our approach considers a random deployment of several base stations, according to a Poisson point process, and focuses on exploring the convexity of the achievable rate, as it will increase together with the number of antennas, and decrease with the overhead when a higher number of antennas is used. This article also studies the effects of the placement of new base stations on the overall EMF exposure, ensuring compliance with the current EMF limitations. Results show that due to the narrowness of the beam, the blockage can considerably affect the SNR received. Although several configurations are available from an operator perspective, some flexibility is allowed and the EMF exposure does not affect the average performance dramatically.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMF-Aware User Association Optimization in 5G Networks

Pardo,

Estrada-Jimenez,

Faye

2024

IEEE Access

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“…As for the analytical evaluation of EMF exposure, authors in [23] considered a regular deployment of BSs under the assumption of a hexagonal mosaic territory. Employing stochastic geometry, more realistic modeling of irregularly distributed BSs was given in [24]. Compared with the experimental data of exposure in Brussels, Belgium, authors in [24] optimized the model parameters and verified the fitting effect of the proposed model.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Employing stochastic geometry, more realistic modeling of irregularly distributed BSs was given in [24]. Compared with the experimental data of exposure in Brussels, Belgium, authors in [24] optimized the model parameters and verified the fitting effect of the proposed model. In [25], the statistical received power at users was used to monitor the downlink exposure levels in a MIMO system using tools from stochastic geometry.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, after increasing the baseline density λ b , there are more BSs around the typical user, which has the potential to reduce the distance (x 0 ) between the typical user and its serving BS. Meanwhile, the shorter distance x 0 leads to lower transmit power in (23) and lower EMF exposure levels in (24). The improvement in coverage probability and the mitigation in EMF exposure in uplink reveals that dense deployment of BSs is conducive to the future cellular network design.…”

Section: Uplink Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Joint Uplink and Downlink EMF Exposure: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

Chen

Elzanaty

Kishk

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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Installing more base stations (BSs) into the existing cellular infrastructure is an essential way to provide greater network capacity and higher data rates in the 5th-generation cellular networks (5G). However, a non-negligible amount of the population is concerned that such network densification will generate a notable increase in exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) over the territory. In this paper, we analyze the downlink, uplink, and joint downlink&uplink exposure induced by the radiation from BSs and personal user equipment (UE), respectively, in terms of the received power density and exposure index. In our analysis, we consider the EMF restrictions set by the regulatory authorities such as the minimum distance between restricted areas (e.g., schools and hospitals) and BSs, and the maximum permitted exposure. Exploiting tools from stochastic geometry, mathematical expressions for the coverage probability and statistical EMF exposure are derived and validated. Tuning the system parameters such as the BS density and the minimum distance from a BS to restricted areas, we show a trade-off between reducing the population's exposure to EMF and enhancing the network coverage performance. Then, we formulate optimization problems to maximize the performance of the EMF-aware cellular network while ensuring that the EMF exposure complies with the standard regulation limits with high probability. For instance, the exposure from BSs is two orders of magnitude less than the maximum permissible level when the density of BSs is less than 20 BSs/km 2 .

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“…In fact, after increasing the baseline density λ b , there are more BSs around the typical user, which has a potential to reduce the distance (x 0 ) between the typical user and its serving BS. Meanwhile, the shorter distance x 0 leads to lower transmit power in (23) and lower EMF exposure levels in (24). The improvement in coverage probability and the mitigation in EMF exposure in uplink reveals that dense deployment of BSs The contradicting trend (between the increase in uplink exposure and the decrease in downlink exposure when expanding the exclusion zone radius) reminds us that we cannot blindly protect the users by removing BSs near the restricted areas, which also causes both uplink and downlink coverage performance degradation as can be seen in Fig.…”

Section: Uplink Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Uplink and Downlink EMF Exposure: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

Chen,

Elzanaty,

Kishk

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Installing more base stations (BSs) into the existing cellular infrastructure is an essential way to provide greater network capacity and higher data rate in the 5th-generation cellular networks (5G).However, a non-negligible amount of population is concerned that such network densification will generate a notable increase in exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) over the territory. In this paper, we analyze the downlink, uplink, and joint downlink&uplink exposure induced by the radiation from BSs and personal user equipment (UE), respectively, in terms of the received power density and exposure index. In our analysis, we consider the EMF restrictions set by the regulatory authorities such as the minimum distance between restricted areas (e.g., schools and hospitals) and BSs, and the maximum permitted exposure. Exploiting tools from stochastic geometry, mathematical expressions for the coverage probability and statistical EMF exposure are derived and validated. Tuning the system parameters such as the BS density and the minimum distance from a BS to restricted areas, we show a trade-off between reducing the population's exposure to EMF and enhancing the network coverage performance. Then, we formulate optimization problems to maximize the performance of the EMFaware cellular network while ensuring that the EMF exposure complies with the standard regulation limits with high probability. For instance, the exposure from BSs is two orders of magnitude less than the maximum permissible level when the density of BSs is less than 20 BSs/km 2 .

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A Stochastic Geometry Approach to EMF Exposure Modeling

Cited by 7 publications

References 52 publications

EMF-Aware User Association Optimization in 5G Networks

EMF-Aware User Association Optimization in 5G Networks

Joint Uplink and Downlink EMF Exposure: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

Joint Uplink and Downlink EMF Exposure: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

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