A steroidomic approach for biomarkers discovery in doping control

Xanthomegnin detection does not discriminate between Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes complexes

“…HPLC relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material (Gerber et al, 2004). HPLC has been used for the following purposes: (i) medical [e.g., the identification of hemoglobin variants (Çürük et al, 1993) and the detection of vitamin D levels in blood serum (Ford, 2013) or vanillylmandelic acid (Lionetto et al, 2008)], (ii) legal [e.g., identification of performance enhancement drugs in urine (Boccard et al, 2011)], (iii) research [e.g., separating the components of a complex biological sample (Kutlar et al, 1986)], and (iv) industrial [e.g., production of pharmaceutical products (Pang et al, 2014)]. …”

Metabolomics in the Context of Forensic Omics Biomarkers

“…Boccardet al, in 2011, proposed an approach based on an analytical platform involving an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatograph (UHPLC) and a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer for untargeted steroidomics in urine samples from a clinical trial for the discovery of relevant biomarkers of testosterone undecanoate oral intake. In this way, a wide door was open to the untargeted simultaneous evaluation of a high number of potential biomarker candidates [36]. Since then, metabolomics has provided numerous biomarkers in the clinical area in general and in forensics in particular, despite it is hardly taken into account most times.…”

“…Countless are also metabolomics biomarkers of drug intake (including alcohol), clearly based on the determination of metabolites from the drug found in samples as varied as hair [40], blood [8], urine [36], saliva [48], human breath [49] or sweat [50].…”

New Insights in Pharmaceutical Analysis

“…The data mining methodology proposed to combine a targeted steroid profile analysis and an untargeted steroidomic approach for the extended coverage of steroid metabolites to provide a deeper insight into the urinary excretion pattern after oral testosterone intake. Advanced chemometric tools, such as N-PLS-DA and OPLS-DA, were applied to build classification models and extract the relevant biological information of clinical data structures involving the temporal monitoring of several variables in a series of individuals [27] (Fig. 4).…”